Hard responses to corruption: Penal standards and the repression of corruption in Britain, France and Portugal

Despite its difficulties and inconsistencies in framing those practices andconducts recently unveiled by the press and judicial investigations whichhave caused considerable public discontent, the penal definition ofcorruption still highlights an interesting conceptual diversity across spaceand time that should not be overlooked. Most official discussions about andreferences to corruption and its volume are still framed within these hardparameters. It is, therefore, important to look at the intricacies ofcorruption as a crime in order to understand the virtues and failures ofnational repressive efforts. While crime statistics are of limited use for itsmeasurement, they can nevertheless help to interpret the way corruptionhas been treated through repressive instruments cross-nationally over aperiod of time.The aim of this paper is to assess the dynamics of the various processes ofsetting and revising penal standards to the conduct of office holders and theresults observable from the application of corruption and related offencesacross countries with different legal traditions.     

动态治安环境下集约化情报信息网络的探索与实践

在当前动态社会治安环境下,情报信息主导警务对于精确打击、防范、控制违法犯罪日益显现其重要地位。如何以新的理念为指导来探索新的作战方式,建立集约化情报信息网络不失为一个重要选择。建立集约化情报信息网络是现实斗争的需要,是信息自身价值的内在需求。集约化情报信息网络使民警采集信息的意识进一步增强;整体工作效能得到提升;快速反应功效得到充分显现;合成作战威力得到发挥。     

国际人道主义法的危机——驻伊美军虐待俘虏事件的若干法律问题分析

战争的残酷性使得人们更为关注生命尊严的价值,国际人道主义法亦随之得以发展。然而,近期曝光的驻伊美军虐待战俘事件,侵犯了战俘的生命健康权、人格权、中诉及公平审判权,严重违反国际人道主义法,而现行国际法与国内法机制均无法有效地惩罚这种违法行为。因此,为了真正保护国际人权,惩治战争犯罪,应增强国际刑事法院等组织的地位。     

云南在同东盟国家进行经贸合作中的信息平台建设及安全保障

本文旨在阐明云南在同东盟国家进行经贸合作过程中加强信息化建设的重要意义,以及实现信息安全保障的必要性,并在此基础上提出加强信息平台建设的具体措施,以及实现信息安全保障的具体建议.     

儒家仁学与普遍伦理

儒学是世界上少有的几个历史悠久、积蕴丰厚、影响巨大的思想化体系之一，它可以与基督教化、伊斯兰教化、印度教与佛教化相并立。儒家仁学，也可称为仁爱通和之学，是儒学的精华，最具有普世性，它可以为人类普遍伦理提供重要的思想基础。仁爱之心是一铆道德行为的基石，培养爱心，扩充爱心，是建设道德明的基础性工程，建设普遍伦理最紧迫、最因难的任务是将爱心扩充到全人类。儒家强调“四海之内皆兄弟”，视天下犹一家，人类只有具备了此种情感和意识，普遍伦理建设才能顺利进行。同样，通和之学用之于道德，便要求打破以部为空的狭隘性，淡化族群仇恨心理，实现真正的博爱。总之，儒家仁学，包括它的仁爱通和之学，会为普遍伦理的建设提供有价值的理念。     

embodying memory: women and the legacy of the military government in Chile

The article argues that the prohibition of abortion in Chile, other than when the mother's life is in danger, is a form of human rights violation targeting women specifically. The Pro-Birth Policy was established in Pinochet's Chile as a response to the previous government's attempts, under Allende, to encourage family planning and to educate and inform women about their choices. This had been done to put an end to the increase in back-street abortions with the inevitable toll on women's lives. Pinochet's regime reversed these women-oriented family planning policies, and criminalized abortion, on the basis of costs to the state and, more importantly, the need to increase the birth rate for reasons of national security. Women's bodies were used by the Pinochet regime, both by sexual violence and torture, and by the denial of women's reproductive and sexual rights, as a means to impose discipline and order on society. The fact that this is still not acknowledged in the construction of a collective memory indicates that the issue has not yet been resolved in democratic Chile.     

Crises and unpredictability in developing countries

Developing countries have suffered most of the financial crises in the context of the process of economic and financial globalisation. Both current and previous crises have revealed that unpredictability is a feature common to all the episodes which occurred during the process of globalisation. Although certain alarms went off, any of those external financial crises were actually predicted by the advanced methods in use for prediction and country risk analysis. Taking into consideration the information above, the aim of this paper is to check the ability to foresee external financial crises in developing countries of both the country risk index published by Euromoney and the Credit Ratings variable included therein. We have focused on the external financial crises that took place between 1992 and 2011, that is, in a full globalisation era. The results are negative. It appears that neither the index nor the sovereign ratings are able to reflect early enough the vulnerabilities that arise previously to the setting off the crisis episodes. This leads us to conclude that the existing models of country risk have limits. Thus, it would necessary to develop new instruments to measure this risk, considering uncertainty as an essential feature of the current economic and financial environment.