Information for action: the Clearinghouse project

This document summarizes the activities of the American Public Health Association International Clearinghouse that operated with funding from the US Agency for International Development for 16 years beginning in 1979. The Clearinghouse was established to improve access to information on infant feeding and maternal nutrition for health practitioners and decision-makers in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. By 1996, the Clearinghouse had created a substantial and accessible resource for USAID, and its activities included 1) developing an international center for information and materials on maternal and child nutrition and related issues in developing countries, 2) sharing lessons learned through a publication of a regular bulletin ("Mothers and Children"), 3) training staff from field-based organizations on information production and management, and 4) establishing a network of national and regional nutrition and health-related resource centers to increase access to locally published and unpublished information. Thus, the Clearinghouse was more than a library or distribution center; it identified key materials, repackaged information to increase accessibility, and monitored information use. Although the Clearinghouse project ended in 1996, the website on women's rights to maternity protection continues to provide access to information and to encourage dialogue and networking. The lessons learned from the project lead to the conclusions that users' needs must be the basis for increasing information access, that local capacity must be increased through new technologies and traditional methods, and that information resources must be used strategically to ensure equitable access.     

发明获得法律保护的条件

<正> (一)能够取得专利的发明概念发明是专利法的客体。"发明"(Invention,Erfindung)概念的定义对任何一个法律体系来说都具有重要的实践意义,因为专利法效力的范围是由这个定义的内容决定的。同时,发明的定义引起颇大的复杂性,因为它表现了智力活动的一个侧面。由于这些原因,发明的概念曾是法律著作中反复探讨的对象。И.Я.赫伊费茨给发明下的定义是:技术课题的创造性解决方案。许多其他苏联作者也持这个观点。外国作者在给发