发明获得法律保护的条件

<正> (一)能够取得专利的发明概念发明是专利法的客体。"发明"(Invention,Erfindung)概念的定义对任何一个法律体系来说都具有重要的实践意义,因为专利法效力的范围是由这个定义的内容决定的。同时,发明的定义引起颇大的复杂性,因为它表现了智力活动的一个侧面。由于这些原因,发明的概念曾是法律著作中反复探讨的对象。И.Я.赫伊费茨给发明下的定义是:技术课题的创造性解决方案。许多其他苏联作者也持这个观点。外国作者在给发     

社会主义财政和财政法

<正> 在社会主义社会,财政和财政法的相互关系和相互作用在本质上具有新的意义。马克思强调指出:"人们按照自己物质生产的发展建立相应的社会关系,正是这些人又按照自己的社会关系创造了相应的原理、观念和范畴"。因此,必须从理论上和方法学上研究财政和财政法对发展生产、生产集约化、提高工作效率和改进工作质量所起作用的复杂过程。在解决这些迫切的任务时,苏维埃社会主义法及其各部门法,其中包括财政法,都起着     

加强劳动纪律的法律手段

<正> 在生产中加强劳动纪律和稳定干部的问题,始终是共产党和苏联政府一贯注意的中心。列宁在1918年写道:"必须把我们已经夺得的东西,把我们颁布过的法令,确定了的法规,讨论过的问题,拟订了的计划草案固定下来——必须把这些东西固定为不可动摇的日常劳动纪律。这是一个最困难而又最容易收效的任务,因为只有解决这个任务,我们才能树立起社会主义的秩序"。在加强自觉的劳动纪律中,劳动法令起了很大的作用。它巩固了人们对于遵守劳动纪律     

How many physicians are enough?

Although it is difficult to ascertain whether or not the nation faces an oversupply of physicians in the coming decades, there is no doubt that a health care system can be operated more effectively with a taut supply of medical personnel than with a loose supply. The perception of severe specialty and geographic imbalance, which informed national health policy during the 1960s and 1970s, has been modified by evidence of a significant redistribution in the supply. Increasing numbers of practitioners are likely to effect further escalation in the costs of physician services and total expenditures for health care, even if--in conformity with classical laws of supply and demand--individual physicians' incomes and the relative economic advantage of the profession were to decline. Since the objective of improved access has to a considerable extent been realized, the principal benefit of the loosened supply in the future will be to facilitate the initiation of innovative practice modes and alternative health care delivery systems that offer the potential of improved efficiency and quality.