Component analysis of illicit heroin samples with GC/MS and its application in source identification

A novel method based on GC/MS and GC for component analyses of seized illicit heroin was established by using SKF525A as an internal standard. The main components in illicit heroin products such as heroin, O3-acetylmorphine, monoacetylcodeine, and O6-acetylmorphine were determined quantitatively and the organic adulterants such as paracetamol, acetaminophen caffeine and theophylline were detected qualitatively using the developed method. With these obtained data, 500 seized illicit heroin samples were divided into nine groups. The decomposition pattern of heroin was studied. The dependencies of both the decomposition pattern and the content ratios of monoacetylcodeine to heroin and monoacetylcodeine to O6-acetylmorphine on the source of the seized illicit heroin were observed. This information was used to develop a novel method for its source identification. The examination results were in agreement with the practical cases, thus providing significant information for detection of criminal cases involving illicit heroin.     

梁启超国家主义思想论析

梁启超民族国家思想的起点是"群",终点是"国家主义",前者属于典型的传统话语,后者属于西方政治思想。针对中国的现实情境,梁启超"有选择地接受"了德国国家主义思想中的"国家有机体说",对"国家至上说"却有所保留。梁启超国家主义思想的宣扬在很大程度上促成了中国现代国家观念的形成。     

文明相容与人权对话--大沼保昭《人权、国家与文明》读后

日本学者大沼保昭建立了"文明相容的人权观"的思想,以此为分析视角,重新审视了普遍人权与特殊人权、人权与主权、经济性人权与自由性人权的关系,可以发现我们的一些人权口号在反对西方人权攻势的同时,也走入了另外一个极端.放弃实用主义,在反对西方霸权主义的同时对人权的理论问题进行深入分析并努力改善人权,才是在人权问题上的科学态度.     

论《水浒传》具体性描写的话语意义

《水浒传》开始出现了由英雄和普通人共同参与其间的日常生活,这种生活是在一种具体性描写中得到展现的。具体性描写对小说话语的形成具有创造性贡献。在直观、具体、呈现式的描写中,话语不仅具有不确定性、多义性和对话性,而且含混、反讽、矛盾、背离、造成反向阅读的语义也开始形成。由此,小说所提供的普泛原则和抽象的道德判断,也在其自身的具体性描写面前仅具有相对的意义。从小说史看,在《水浒传》中形成的具体性描写对后世长篇小说的话语形式产生了深远影响。