Earth system governance: a research framework

The Earth System Science Partnership, which unites all major global change research programmes, declared in 2001 an urgent need to develop “strategies for Earth System management”. Yet what such strategies might be, how they could be developed, and how effective, efficient and equitable such strategies would be, remains unspecified. It is apparent that the institutions, organizations and mechanisms by which humans currently govern their relationship with the natural environment and global biochemical systems are not only insufficient—they are also poorly understood. This article presents the science programme of the Earth System Governance Project, a new 10-year global research effort endorsed by the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). It outlines the concept of earth system governance as a challenge for the social sciences, and it elaborates on the interlinked analytical problems and research questions of earth system governance as an object of study. These analytical problems concern the overall architecture of earth system governance, agency beyond the state and of the state, the adaptiveness of governance mechanisms and processes as well as their accountability and legitimacy, and modes of allocation and access in earth system governance. The article also outlines four crosscutting research themes that are crucial for the study of each analytical problem as well as for the integrated understanding of earth system governance: the role of power, knowledge, norms and scale.     

An Empirical Analysis of the Acceptance of E-Procurement in the German Public Sector

The increasing governmental spending and simultaneously declining income of municipality are two of the most significant challenges of the 21^st century. The introduction of the Internet and innovative information and communication tools over the last few decades have led to a cost saving and efficiency advantage in many areas. By far, public administration has not fully profited from these opportunities and advantages. This article seeks to understand the underlying barriers of technology implementation, namely e-procurement, within the public administration area by analyzing the key barriers of central decision makers within the organization. The empirical findings of 289 respondents from the German public administration show that the barrier typologies are identified and that they have a strong impact on the resistance of implementation. However, the collected data could not verify the theoretically postulated relationship between high resistance and low implementation of the new technology.     

Zur materiellen Gewaltentrennung zwischen Justiz und Verwaltung – im Besonderen: Zum Funktionsvorbehalt zugunsten der Verwaltung

Die Einsicht, dass die ?sterr Bundesverfassung die Staatsfunktionen Gerichtsbarkeit und Verwaltung nicht nur organisatorisch voneinander trennt, sondern ihnen auch je einen Kreis spezifischer Aufgaben zuweist, hat sich in der Doktrin nur z?h und schrittweise ausgebreitet. Nach wie vor ungekl?rt sind die Grenzlinien einer solchen materiellen Gewaltentrennung; insb für die Verwaltung wurde bislang noch kein klar abgegrenzter Aufgabenkreis herausgearbeitet. Den bisherigen, weithin nebelhaften Vorstellungen einer materiellen Gewaltentrennung zwischen Justiz und Verwaltung wird in der vorliegenden Studie die These einer weitgehend pr?zisen Abgrenzbarkeit im Wege der sog Versteinerungstheorie entgegengestellt.     

The innovative performance of foreign-owned enterprises in small open economies

This paper compares the innovative performance of foreign-owned and domestically owned enterprises in five European countries. We look at innovation inputs, outputs, and examine how strong foreign-owned enterprises are embedded in the innovations systems of their host countries. We find that foreign ownership is associated with similar levels of innovation input, but higher levels of innovation output and higher labour productivity compared to domestic ownership. In four of the five countries, affiliates of foreign multinationals show a similar or even a higher propensity to co-operate with domestic partners than domestically owned enterprises.

Philemon and Baucis Death? Two cases of double deaths of married couples

When two human corpses are found in temporal and locational context the assumption of a non-natural cause of death is close at hand. Suicide, extended suicide, homicide or accident (particularly with carbon monoxide) come to mind. When, however, a natural cause of death emerges for both after autopsy and further examinations, this provokes the question whether this incidence is coincidental. In our two presented cases, a married couple each was found dead together. In both cases, the wife needed nursing and was being cared for by a husband who died of cardiac disease shortly before the wife died. In one case, the wife died of acute uncompensated chronic congestive heart failure. In the other case, the cause of death of the wife was hypovolemic shock due to acute gastrointestinal bleeding from recurrent gastric mucosal erosion. It is to be discussed for both cases whether, given the pre-existing illness, the acute stress of the situation in view to the husbands' death may at least have favored the occurrence of death and may, thus, have led to the criminologically conspicuous situation of finding.     

The discrimination of automotive clear coats by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and comparison of samples by a chromatogram library software

Identification particles used for the purpose of the post-blast identification of explosives have a coding system based on the combination of metal oxides and their various concentrations. These materials are composed of the polymeric matrix, iron powder (ferromagnetic properties), UV light active dyestuff and various metal oxides in a various ratios. A suitable analytical method has to be used for an accurate characterization of these metal components in the particles in order to find the required information, i.e. to determine the place and the year of production and as the case may be, also the production batch of misused explosives. In this work, the method of microwave digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) was developed for an accurate determination of Zn, Mg, Cu and Pb in a few novel types of identification particles and applied to their characterization. When using specific sample treatment (digestion with a mixture of nitric acid with hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid), the 3 sigma limits of detection (LODs) for the determination of Zn, Mg, Cu and Pb in 5mg original samples were 1.9, 0.2, 1.3 and 2.4 mg g(-1), respectively. The signal suppression due to the presence of HNO3+HCl or HNO3+HF was observed for Zn; therefore, the calibration solutions had to be prepared exactly with the same acids as those used for the sample mineralization. The determination of Mg, Cu and Pb was free of interferences; hence a simple calibration curve method could be adopted for attaining accurate results. The accuracy was checked by comparison of the results with those obtained by means of independent inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Good precision values, as relative standard deviation, in the range of 1-5% were obtained. A total number of 71 samples was analysed and classified by multivariate methods to prove the suitability of the procedure proposed for the purpose of the identification of explosives.