Some considerations related to environmental influence assessment†

Abstract. In recent years many segments of society in Canada and elsewhere have expressed concern that environmental factors have not received sufficient consideration in project and program planning. The ‘environmental impact statement’ procedure, which stems from the US National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, provides the basis of a currently popular conceptual framework for evaluating the environmental effects of projects and programs. This approach, however, can lead to piece-meal planning which does not facilitate a co-ordinated assessment of environmental influences at all stages and levels in the decision-making process. In addition, the imprecise concept of the term ‘environment’ the lack of generally acceptable evaluation techniques, and the unavailability of an adequate number of qualified personnel to prepare accurate impact statements is an open invitation to frequent and lengthy litigation as well as the unnecessary proliferation and growth of administrative review institutions. Environmental information is but one input into a planning process. It should be available at all levels in this process and not confined solely to a single statement in the late planning stages. A variety of procedures are available to ensure that environmental information can be incorporated into a planning process. These can be grouped under two headings: (1) resource evaluation techniques; and (2) resource classification techniques. Techniques in the former group are often oriented towards the analysis of the landscape for a single use. Moreover, they often combine socio-economic considerations with biophysical ones and this limits the future interpretative value of the acquired information. Classification techniques provide environmental information within a holistic ecological framework which permits trained diagnosticians to make inferences about ecological processes as they relate to proposed programs. Canadian scientists have been at the forefront in developing ‘total landscape’ classification techniques. It would appear that this is the area where Canada could most profitably concentrate its efforts to provide a basis for ensuring that environmental information is incorporated at all levels in any given planning process. Sommaire. Ces dernières années, au Canada comme ailleurs, bien des groups de la société se sont dits inquiets du trop peu d'attention accordée à l'environnement dasn la lanification des travaux et des programmes. La méthode des “états sur les effets environnementaux”, qui découle de la loi américaine de 1969 sur la politique nationale en matière d'environnement, constitue le fondement d'un cadre conceptuel actuellement très employé pour l'évaluation des effets des travaux et programmes sur l'environnement. Cette méthode peut cependant mener à une planscation fragmentaire, qui ne rend que plus diffcile l'évaluation coordonnée des effets environnementaux à tous les niveaux et étapes de prise de décision. En outre, l'imprécision du terme “environne-ment”, le manque de techniques d'évaluation convenables et la péurie de personnel qualifié pour évaluer les effets environnementaux sont autant de portes ouvertes aux fréquentes et longues disputes et à la prolifération et la croissance inutiles d'institutions administratives de révision. L'information sur l'environnement n'est qu'un des éléments du processus de planification; elle devrait être présentée à tous les niveaux de ce processus, et non pas être limitée à un simple rapport présenté aux derniers stades. Il existe une game de méthodes permettant de faire entrer l'information sur l'environ-nement dans le processus de planification; on peut les regrouper sous deux rubriques: (1) techniques J'évaluation des ressources et (2) techniques de classification des ressources. Les premières techniques sont souvent axées sur l'étude du paysage dans un but unique. De plus, ella combinent souvent les considérations socie-économiques aux bio-physiques, ce qui a pour effet de limiter la valeur d'interprétation future de l'information recueille. Les techniques de classification offrent de l'information sur l'environnement à l'intérieur d'un cadre écologique holistique. Ce dernier permet aux spécialistes des diagnostics de faire des inférences sur les relations existantes entre les processus écologiques et les programmes. Les scientistes canadiens ont étéà l'avant-garde du développement des techniques de classification du e paysage total. Il semble que ce soit le secteur où le Canada pourrait le plus profitablement concentrer ses efforts, de façon à s'assurer que l'information touchant l'environnement soit incorporée à tous les niveaux de chaque processus de planification.     

Eyewitness Identification Accuracy and Response Latency

Eyewitness identification research has reliably shown that accurate identifications are faster than inaccurate identifications. Recently, D. Dunning and S. Perretta (2002) claimed that an identification latency of 10-12 s not only best discriminates between accurate and inaccurate identifications but also produces extremely high accuracy rates, approaching 90%. Consistent with predictions from recognition memory theory, however, we show that the optimum time boundary varies with overall response latency under manipulations of retention interval and nominal lineup size, and that the accuracy rate inside the optimum time boundary is much less impressive than previously reported. We outline directions for clarifying the accuracy and latency relationship to assist the reliable diagnosis of identification accuracy.     

Imprisonment v. the death penalty as a deterrent to murder

In this investigation we examine the simultaneous deterrent effect of imprisonment and executions on homicide. Examination of the census years 1920 to 1960 shows the certainty of execution and homicide rates to be generally unrelated. Also contrary to the deterrence hypothesis, the significant negative bivariate relationship between the severity of prison sentence and homicide rates found here and in earlier investigations is shown to be a statistical artifact resulting from a failure to control for the effects of alternative legal sanctions and sociodemographic factors. While neither imprisonment nor executions are found to have a significant deterrent effect on homicide, attention is called to some limitations of this investigation and the need for additional research.     

THE BOOK SHELF

Books reviewed in this article: 1. Betelheim, Bruno. The Children of the Dream . 2. Comfort, Alex, Ph.D. The Joy of Sex . 3. Rheinstein, Max. Marriage, Divorce, and the Law . 4. Viscott, David S., M.D. The Making of a Psychitrist .     

THE BOOK SHELF

Books reviewed in this article: 1. Allen, Gina, and Clement G. Martin, M.D. Intimacy (subtitle, Sensitivity, Sex, and the Art of Love) . 2. Dreyfuss, Henry. Symbol Sourcebook . 3. Fast, Julius. The New Sexual Fulfillment . 4. Glasser, Wm., M.D. The Identity Society . 5. Mindess, Harvey. Laughter and Liberation . 6. Otto, Herbert A. (Ed.) The New Sexuality . 7. Carpenter, Don. Getting Off . 8. Doebler, C. H. Planning Your Child's Education . 9. Gersh, Marvin J., M.D., Iris F. Litt, M.D. The Handbook of Adolescence . 10. Schutz, William C. Hero Comes Everybody .     

THE BOOK SHELF

Books reviewed in this article: 1. Bard, Morton, Ph.D., Training Police As Specialists in Family Crisis Intervention . 2. Eck, Marcel, Lies and Truth . 3. From, Erich, The Revolution of Hope . 4. Howard, Jane, Please Touch . 5. Hunt, Morton, The Affair . 6. Lowen, Alexander, M.D., Pleasure: A Creative Approach to Life . 7. Masters, William H. and Virginia E. Johnson, Human Sexual Inadequacy . 7A. Belliveau, Fred, and Lin Richter, Understanding Human Sexual inadequacy . 8. Mindey, Carol, The Divorced Mother . 9. Watson, Andrew S., M.D., Psychiatry for Lawyers .     

Desublimating monstrous desire: the horror of gender in new extremist cinema

Known for graphic gore and formal experimentation, films of European new extremism stand out for the way in which they combine sex with violence, stressing the body in extreme modes of being and rendering its materiality emphatic, uncanny and profoundly disturbing. While this emphasis on sex and violence has been widely recognized in scholarly literature on new extremism, its connections to gendered conventions of genre cinema have not. In this article, we contend that films such as Philippe Grandrieux's Sombre (1998), Lars von Trier's Antichrist (2009) and Claire Denis's Trouble Every Day (2001) directly reference gendered tropes and conventions of horror cinema in their explorations of desire, sexual difference and violence. Far from being inconsequential or secondary concerns, we argue that emphatically gendered characteristics of cinematic horror are crucial to the disturbing impact of these films. By appropriating tropes from the horror film, but refusing them the closure and recuperation customary to narrative conventions of the genre, new extremist films critique these gendered implications, calling attention to the paradoxes and contradictions inherent in the gender politics of horror.