THE ANALYSIS OF DESIGN OR THE DESIGN OF ANALYSIS?

The policy sciences have advanced in the past by introspection, and there appears to be a need for a return to such self-conscious examination of the field of inquiry. A design orientation offers a useful framework for such an examination. It requires reconsideration of some of the fundamental premises of policy inquiry. This article explores what impact design might have on the conventional process framework and then proceeds to discuss the development of a design perspective.     

Coming to Terms with Intramural Differences Over Policy Frameworks: How Policy Researchers Accommodate Rival Claims Among their Peers

Although we readily scrutinize conflicts among political stakeholders, similar attention is seldom paid to how we deal with contestable understandings within our own field of inquiry. Debates over competing scholarly perspectives and contested models are rarely subject to any systematic postmortem or attempts to account for differential survival. Given the indeterminacy of many of our conceptual schemes, empirical data seldom carry the day to a resolution all can accept. Accordingly, there are eventually many different versions of any given dispute, each offering a different path to resolution or equanimity. Disputants retire and conflicts fade, providing a demographic resolution of sorts, but not a scientific or a conceptual one. The work presented here claims that there is much to be gained from systematic scrutiny of our conceptual disputes, especially as a means to access the different perspectives we assume to handle them. We argue that there is an internal logic to the different perspectives on any given dispute. It is not the dispute per se that draws our interest; but rather, how any given dispute generates multiple interpretations and reconstructed versions. We propose and illustrate an approach to analyzing disputes that makes their internal logic more transparent and attends to the pathways that emerge for resolution. We will find, in the process, that there are some reliable routes to conciliation and some fault lines that remain unstable.     

Three-dimensional cranio-facial reconstruction in forensic identification: latest progress and new tendencies in the 21st century

Three-dimensional (3D) cranio-facial reconstruction can be useful in the identification of an unknown body. The progress in computer science and the improvement of medical imaging technologies during recent years had significant repercussions on this domain. New facial soft tissue depth data for children and adults have been obtained using ultrasound, CT-scans and radiographies. New guidelines for facial feature properties such as nose projection, eye protrusion or mouth width, have been suggested, but also older theories and "rules of thumbs" have been critically evaluated based on digital technology. New fast, flexible and objective 3D reconstruction computer programs are in full development. The research on craniofacial reconstruction since the beginning of the 21st century is presented, highlighting computer-aided 3D facial reconstruction. Employing the newer technologies and permanently evaluating and (re)questioning the obtained results will hopefully lead to more accurate reconstructions.     

Ear piercing affects earprints: the role of ear piercing in human identification

Previous research conducted into the use of the human ear in the field of forensic identification has focused upon the use of grids and manual methods to measure and catalogue the different anatomical features of the ear. To date, few have considered the importance of the presence of ear piercings and their possible role in human identification. This study aims to highlight the common distribution of piercings of both ears in both genders and to explore the effect of piercings on earprints. The presence of a piercing may, in part, help to explain why partial and not whole earprints are sometimes recovered from a scene of crime (suggesting that the offender's ears may be pierced). The presence of piercings through the tragus and the superior part of the helix are shown to be infrequent and thus may be used to assist the identification of a body, due to its relative rarity with respect to piercings found in other areas of the ear.     

Semi-automated ultrasound facial soft tissue depth registration: method and validation

A mobile and fast, semi-automatic ultrasound (US) system was developed for facial soft tissue depth registration. The system consists of an A-Scan ultrasound device connected to a portable PC with interfacing and controlling software. For 52 cephalometric landmarks, the system was tested for repeatability and accuracy by evaluating intra-observer agreement and comparing ultrasound and CT-scan results on 12 subjects planned for craniofacial surgery, respectively. A paired t-test evaluating repeatability of the ultrasound measurements showed 5.7% (n = 3) of the landmarks being significantly different (p < 0.01). US and CT-scan results showed significant differences (p < 0.01) using a Wilcoxon signed rank test analysis for 11.5% (n = 6) of the landmarks. This is attributed to a difference in the volunteer's head position between lying (CT) and sitting (US). Based on these tests, we conclude that the proposed registration system and measurement protocol allows relatively fast (52 landmarks/20 min), non-invasive, repeatable and accurate acquisition of facial soft tissue depth measurements.     

Desperately seeking donors: the 'saviour sibling' decision in Quintavalle v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (UK)

The recent House of Lords decision in Quintavalle v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority has raised difficult and complex issues regarding the extent to which embryo selection and reproductive technology can be used as a means of rectifying genetic disorders and treating critically ill children. This comment outlines the facts of Quintavalle and explores how the House of Lords approached the legal, ethical and policy issues that arose out of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority's (UK) decision to allow reproductive and embryo technology to be used to produce a 'saviour sibling' whose tissue could be used to save the life of a critically ill child. Particular attention will be given to the implications of the decision in Quintavalle for Australian family and medical law and policy. As part of this focus, the comment explores the current Australian legislative and policy framework regarding the use of genetic and reproductive technology as a mechanism through which to assist critically ill siblings. It is argued that the present Australian framework would appear to impose significant limits on the medical uses of genetic technology and, in this context, would seem to reflect many of the principles that were articulated by the House of Lords in Quintavalle.     

La gouverne dans la tempête de verglas: Le volet politico-administratif d'un sinistre

Sommaire: L'analyse détaillée des rapports d'autorité entre les acteurs de l'arène politique qui impliquent les différentes instances décisionnelles a contribuéà la compréhension des stratégies et des objectifs poursuivis par chacun des acteurs en présence. En outre, la gestion de la crise du verglas a permis de rendre compte de diverses stratégies, notamment celles qui ont conduit les autorités municipales à exercer davantage leur rôle de porte-parole. Des dew rôles du décideur politique, soit dirigeant et porte-parole, celui de porte-parole est le plus manifestement politique car il participe directement au processus de la médiation et de la régulation. En cela, il contribue à une fonction de repréntation de la collectivité. Cette fonction de porteparole des décideurs municipaux a été soutenue, voire favorisée par la centralisation déisionnelle de la gestion de la crise au niveau national, parfois au détriment du rôle de dirigeant des autorités municipales. Le cas de la crise de verglas participe à une tendance générale du système de régulation des rapports entre les élus des différentes instances décisionnelles et il s'inscrit comme mode de contrôle et d'intervention du pouvoir national sur les pouvoirs qui lui sont subordonnés. L'appropriation des opérations par les acteurs politiques de la gouverne nationale s'est réalisée par l'implantation d'un dispositif organisationnel visant la substitution du modèle fonctionnel par un modèlead hoc centralisé. Le modèlead hoc a permis d'intégrer les liens d'autorité habituels et a conduit par la suite à l'établissement de ce que nous avons désigné le modèle effectif.Le bon fonctionnement du modèle effectif exige l'absence d'acteurs potentiellement en situation d'opposition. Les relations entre les acteurs engagés dans les opérations associées à la gestion du sinistre ont dés lors été soumises aux règles et intérêts des acteurs politiques de la gouveme nationale. Abstract: The detailed analysis of the authority relationships between players in the policy arena and the various decision-makers contributed to understanding the strategies and objectives of each player. Moreover, management of the ice storm crisis highlighted various strategies, including those that led municipal authorities to expand their spokesperson role. The role of the spokesperson is more clearly political because it plays a direct part in the mediation and regulatory process, thus contributing to a community representation function. This spokesperson function of municipal decision-makers was supported and even fostered by the centralization of decisions while managing the crisis at the national level (i.e., Quebec), sometimes to the detriment of the leadership role of municipal authorities. The ice storm case is part of an overall trend within the system for regulating the relationships between elected representatives at the various decision-making levels, and it is also a means of national control and intervention over the powers subordinated to the national authority. National policy-makers operated by implementing an organizational system substituting a centralized, ad hoc model for the functional model. Using the ad hoc model, the usual authority linkages were integrated, subsequently leading to the setup of the effective model. For smooth operation, the effective model requires that there be no players holding diametrically opposite positions. The relationships between the players in crisis management operations were thus governed by the rules and interests of national policy-makers.