Indigenismo and the Avant‐garde: Jorge Sanjinés' Early Films and the National Project

Jorge Sanjinés' 1960s films Revolución and Ukamau challenge the class and ethnic hierarchies of Bolivian society by casting the proletarian and indigenous masses as revolutionary liberators. The new national imaginary they evoke is tightly bound to the experimental cinematic techniques they employ, since their rejection of rationalist, realist aesthetics signals a partial undermining of the linear time of the modern nation. Ukamau both recalls and resists previous Bolivian indigenismo, which sought to co‐opt the Indian into a national mestizo consciousness. Its exoticist portrayal of the Indian ultimately limits its political effectiveness, but textual and contextual analyses show subversive Indian agency leaking through.     

当前推行行政执法责任制中存在的主要问题及对策研究

近年来各级人民政府、各行政执法部门广泛建立了行政执法责任制,对规范行政行为、提高执法质量、维护群众权益起到了积极的作用,但在执行中也暴露出一些问题。本文分析了一些突出问题的深层次原因,并对顺利推行行政执法责任制提出对策建议。     

DOES DISPERSED PUBLIC OWNERSHIP IMPAIR EFFICIENCY? THE CASE OF REFUSE COLLECTION IN NORWAY

Corporate governance theory suggests that companies with dispersed and indirect ownership suffer from agency costs. A worst case is where several political authorities jointly own a company, which allows managers to operate with inferior efficiency. In political economy, the manager is not the major agency problem. Elected politicians may impair efficiency to improve their re‐election prospects. Since politicians have less influence in jointly owned firms, such companies are expected to perform better than those owned by a single public authority. Consistent with corporate governance – but not political economy – the empirical analysis suggests that dispersed municipal ownership impairs cost efficiency. In the Norwegian case of municipal refuse collection presented here, costs of dispersed ownership often outstrip gains from economies of scale. Use of jointly owned companies is not necessarily a proper response to efficiency problems inherent a fragmented local government structure.     

幼年牦牛松果体的光镜和电镜观察

利用光镜和电镜技术对幼年牦牛松果体的组织形态结构特征进行了研究。结果表明,光镜下,幼年牦牛松果体由松果体细胞、少量的神经胶质细胞、毛细血管和神经等组成。电镜下,松果体细胞的电子致密度低,细胞质内含有丰富的线粒体、粗面内质网、滑面内质网、高尔基复合体、微管、微丝和核糖体,典型异质细胞器突触带呈球形,多位于质膜附近。神经胶质细胞内的线粒体丰富,胞体突起呈球形膨大伸入到松果体细胞之间。松果体细胞以及神经胶质细胞间均存在突触和连接复合体。牦牛松果体内的毛细血管为连续型,远腹侧血管周围可见色素细胞。     

鸡myostatin基因成熟区段DNA的克隆及其在甲醇酵母中的融合表达

根据GenBank中鸡myostatin(AF019621)成熟区段的cDNA序列设计了1对引物,利用PCR技术扩增了萧山鸡myostatin的成熟区段,构建了重组真核表达载体myostatin-pPIC9K,并在甲醇酵母中融合表达了myostatin蛋白。结果发现,萧山鸡myostatin基因存在2处碱基变异:T204→C204(编码的氨基酸没有变),C205→T205(编码的氨基酸由Pro变成Ser),从而产生了1个EspⅠ或Bpu1102Ⅰ限制性内切酶酶切位点。核苷酸序列同源性分析表明,myostatin基因成熟区段DNA在不同物种间具有高度的保守性。SDS-PAGE鉴定结果表明,表达的目的蛋白(26 ku)具有生物学活性。     

DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: Recommendations on the interpretation of mixtures

The DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) was convened at the 21st congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics held between 13 and 17 September in the Azores, Portugal. The purpose of the group was to agree on guidelines to encourage best practice that can be universally applied to assist with mixture interpretation. In addition the commission was tasked to provide guidance on low copy number (LCN) reporting. Our discussions have highlighted a significant need for continuing education and research into this area. We have attempted to present a consensus from experts but to be practical we do not claim to have conveyed a clear vision in every respect in this difficult subject. For this reason, we propose to allow a period of time for feedback and reflection by the scientific community. Then the DNA commission will meet again to consider further recommendations.     

The sentencing reform act of 1984: A bold approach to the unwarranted sentencing disparity problem

Conclusion In 1984, after years of study and thorough debate, a bipartisan majority of the Congress enacted perhaps the most far-reaching reform of the federal criminal justice system in the history of the United States. The Sentencing Reform Act and the federal sentencing guidelines are now beginning to produce data indicating that the objectives of avoiding unwarranted disparity and invidious discrimination are being achieved.After an uncertain beginning, the guidelines are gaining acceptance by courts and criminal justice practitioners. As one appellate court observed in admonishing lower courts that the guidelines must be respected:We have embarked on a new course. Only time will tell whether the use of the guidelines will result in an improvement over the old system. But unless we follow the spirit and written directions of the guidelines, we will never know if they have been given a fair test. They at least deserve that.Indeed, the bold new approach to sentencing that is being followed today in federal courthouses throughout the United States deserves an opportunity to succeed, given its many beneficial features and the lofty goals toward which the reforms are directed. While ample work remains for the United States Sentencing Commission to monitor and improve the guidelines, indications at this still early date are that the experiment is succeeding.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the fifth conference of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Parliament House, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 5–9, 1990. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the United States Sentencing Commission.B.A., Davidson College 1964; J.D., University of South Carolina School of Law 1967.B.A., Ohio State University 1974; M.S., Arizona State University 1980; M.A., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1983.B.S., Clemson University 1971; M.S., Clemson University 1975; J.D., University of South Carolina School of Law 1978.