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101.
Rational choice perspectives maintain that seemingly irrational behavior on the part of terrorist organizations may nevertheless
reflect strategic planning. In this paper we examine spatial and temporal patterns of terrorist attacks by the Spanish group
ETA between 1970 and 2007. Our analysis is guided by a public announcement by ETA in 1978 that the group would shift from
emphasizing attacks in the Basque territory to instead launch attacks more widely in the hopes of exhausting the Spanish government
and forcing it to abandon the Basque territory. This announcement suggests that prior to the end of 1978 ETA attacks were
based mostly on controlling territory in the Basque region that they hoped to rule; and after 1978 the organization decided
to instead undertake a prolonged war of attrition. Accordingly, we argue that before the end of 1978 ETA was mostly perpetrating
control attacks (attacking only within the Basque territories) and that the diffusion of attacks between provinces was mostly
contagious (spreading contiguously). After the 1978 proclamation, we argue that the attack strategy shifted toward attrition
(attacking in areas outside of the Basque territories) and that the attacks were more likely to diffuse hierarchically (spreading
to more distant locations). As predicted, we find that after ETA moved toward a more attrition based attack strategy, subsequent
attacks were significantly more likely to occur outside the Basque region and to target non-adjacent regions (consistent with
hierarchical diffusion). We also find that hierarchical diffusion was more common when a longer time elapsed between attacks
(a likely consequence of the fact that more distant attacks require more resources and planning) and that attacks against
Madrid were unlikely to be followed immediately by more attacks on Madrid or surrounding provinces. After ETA announced a
shift in policy, they maintained a highly dispersed attack strategy even during their period of decline. Using information
about where and when prior attacks occurred could provide useful information for policy makers countering groups like ETA. 相似文献
102.
The higher prevalence of insomnia in women has been attributed to biological factors, which are less likely than cognitive and behavioural factors to play a role in perpetuating insomnia. Gender differences in perpetuating factors have not been extensively examined. This study compared men’s and women’s self-reports of factors that perpetuate insomnia; experience of symptoms, perceived severity and impact on daytime functioning; and use of strategies to manage insomnia. Data were collected at baseline, using reliable and valid measures, in a project that evaluated behavioural therapies for insomnia. The sample (N = 739) consisted of women (62.4%) and men (37.6%). Gender differences were found in: (1) perpetuating factors: men took more naps and held more unhelpful beliefs about insomnia, whereas women experienced higher pre-sleep arousal; (2) perception of insomnia severity: higher among women; (3) perceived impact of insomnia: higher fatigue among women; and (4) use of strategies (higher in women) to manage insomnia. Gender differences were of a small size but could be associated with women’s stress, expression of somatic symptoms, and interest in maintaining their own health to meet multiple role demands. 相似文献
103.
Rizzo Ugo Barbieri Nicolò Ramaciotti Laura Iannantuono Demian 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2020,45(2):393-413
The Journal of Technology Transfer - The paper investigates the relationship between public research and radical technological development. This study draws on the theory of recombinant innovation... 相似文献
104.
Rogers Adam A. Padilla-Walker Laura M. McLean Ryan D. Hurst Jeffrey L. 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2020,49(1):136-149
Journal of Youth and Adolescence - Theory and research indicate considerable changes in parental control across adolescence (e.g., declining behavioral control), but the developmental course and... 相似文献
105.
ABSTRACT This article reports the findings of a small-scale qualitative study exploring the experiences of autistic adults who have had experience of the family justice system. While participants related some positive elements to their experiences, in particular with regard to the willingness of professionals to try to learn more about their clients’ needs, the overall picture showed significant concerns. The reports given showed significant misunderstandings about autism, and a system which struggled to make appropriate adjustments which would allow autistic court users to have access to justice on an equivalent basis to non-autistic litigants. This situation stands in contrast to the position regarding other disabilities in the Family Justice System, but also to the relatively greater level of provision for autistic people within the Criminal Justice System. Based on participants’ experiences and existing good practice in other areas, we make recommendations that could be adopted by the Family Court and practitioners. 相似文献
106.
Psychological Injury and Law - Forensic evaluators frequently utilize diagnoses as a way to document the nature and severity of impairment and/or injury in civil and criminal cases despite... 相似文献
107.
108.
Laura Montanaro 《American journal of political science》2019,63(4):875-887
Some women did not participate in the Women's March, rejecting its claims of unity and solidarity because white women mobilize only in their self‐interest. This is a form of exit with three features: (1) rejecting a political claim; (2) providing reasons to the power wielder and the broader public; and (3) demanding accountability both as sanction and as deliberation, which requires a discussion about the claim—in this case, the meaning of the group and the terms on which it understands itself. This combination of exit, voice, and deliberative accountability might accurately be called “discursive exit.” Discursive exit addresses conceptual and normative limitations of standard accounts of exit, voice, and loyalty, in particular, when exit and voice are imperfect—because exit can be seen as disapproval of an entire cause—and morally problematic—because voice “from within” implies that cause trumps disagreement, leaving people morally complicit in an unwelcome exercise of power. 相似文献
109.
Laura Quaynor 《Journal of Peace Education》2015,12(1):15-36
Although policymakers stress the importance of education in promoting peace, little research examines the ways that schools prepare students affected by conflict to participate in the restoration of peace in their political community. Post-conflict societies experience severe challenges in strengthening political processes and social cohesion. This paper discusses citizenship education at a school run by a non-governmental organization near Monrovia, Liberia, examining the implemented curriculum in an 8th grade civics classroom. The paper details the ways that young people expressed civic critiques within the classroom, and provides a counterstory to narratives of harsh and violent educational environments in the region. This classroom was a space where students and their teacher engaged in talk about contentious issues: students discussed corruption and injustice, and highlighted the relationship between economic and political power. I argue that if the goal of education is to produce engaged, effective citizens, teachers should have pedagogic support to confront the differences between the implemented curriculum and students’ lived experiences. Peace education in such contexts must include equipping students to seek justice. Furthermore, because possibilities for civic education are embedded in students’ local and national contexts, current global civic education initiatives must be adaptive to local realities. 相似文献
110.
Laura A. Dean 《Journal of Baltic studies》2018,49(2):129-155
This article explores the development and evolution of human trafficking policies in Latvia and the measurable outcomes of these policies. An analysis of policy development revealed that Latvia has three different types of human trafficking policy: criminalization statutes, national action programs, and victim service provisions. These policies have produced outcomes such as criminal cases against traffickers, rehabilitation services for victims, and the formation of anti-trafficking institutions. The results revealed direct causal links between human trafficking policies and anti-trafficking institutions are evident with the National Coordinator and social services for victims. Indirect causation is also present with specialized police and prosecutor units and anti-trafficking institutional policy development by the anti-trafficking working group. 相似文献