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991.
The harm caused by many acts is not certain but probabilistic. Current public enforcement of the law combines harm-based sanctions
(usually in criminal law) with act-based sanctions (very common in administrative law and regulation). We propose an economic
theory of the choice between harm-based and act-based sanctions in public enforcement. The efficiency of act-based versus
harm-based sanctions is analyzed and a typology of the determinants is drawn up. Our model suggests that harm-based sanctions
are more efficient when (1) acquiring information about the act is important, (2) engaging in harm avoidance activities is
advisable, (3) judgment-proofness is not a very significant problem, (4) punishment is especially costly, (5) changes in law
are expensive or difficult to negotiate and (6) on average, potential criminals are better informed than the government about
losses for society. Legal policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
992.
Jacopo Torriti 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2011,31(3):307-320
The idea behind evidence-based instruments for policy-making is to provide objective information regarding the costs, benefits
and risks involved in legislative proposals. An example of these instruments is the integrated Impact Assessment system, which
has been in place in EU policy-making since 2003. Impact Assessments are designed according to rational decision models and
aim to enhance the neutrality and objectivity of policy-making. This paper draws a comparison between the rational paradigm
emerging from the EU template and the empirical evaluations carried out to date on Impact Assessments. It questions the conventional
concept of Impact Assessments as rational policy-making instruments, because of the influential roles played by individual
knowledge and data quality. 相似文献
993.
994.
Kelsey Michael Bradshaw Brad Donohue Chad Cross Jessica Urgelles Daniel N. Allen 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(7):545-549
Parental dissatisfaction with children appears to be associated with child maltreatment. However, little is known regarding the specific domains of parental dissatisfaction that may increase child maltreatment potential, particularly in perpetrators of child maltreatment where substance abuse is present. In this study, responses to the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) and a scale measuring parental satisfaction in 11 domains were examined in a sample of 82 mothers who were referred for treatment of substance abuse and child neglect by the local child protective service agency. Results indicated that mothers were relatively most satisfied with their children overall, and least satisfied in domains that were relevant to discipline (i.e., following house rules, compliance, reaction to redirection and punishment, completion of chores). Five of the 11 areas of parental satisfaction that were assessed evidenced negative correlations with child abuse potential, indicating that as satisfaction increased, abuse potential decreased. However, when correlation analyses excluded participants with elevated CAPI Lie scale scores (a measure of social desirability), only overall happiness demonstrated a significant negative correlation with child abuse potential. These results suggest that while associations are present among measures of parental satisfaction and child abuse potential, these associations are moderated to some extent by social desirability, which may help explain some of the inconsistencies reported in prior studies of parental satisfaction and child maltreatment potential. 相似文献
995.
Elisa Salvador 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(2):203-232
In recent years there has been an increasing focus on universities’entrepreneurial orientation and their ability to exploit
and transfer scientific knowledge to the commercial sector. Spin-off firms are recognised as an important opportunity for
universities. This paper aims to examine the university spin-off firm context, with particular attention to the relationship
with science parks-incubators and their importance as brand names. Evidence is taken from Turin case-study. Turin has a consolidated
university framework: the University and the Polytechnic are examples of success all around Europe. A particular characteristic
of Turin is given by the presence of two science and technology parks and two incubators. 相似文献
996.
Christina Elschner Christof Ernst Georg Licht Christoph Spengel 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(3):233-256
Most industrialized countries apply special tax incentives to boost the R&D expenditures of firms. This study considers the
design of such R&D tax incentives as applied in the European Union and simulates its effect on the post-tax R&D expenditures
of firms in different industries and different profit/loss-situations by means of the simulation model European Tax Analyzer.
Any restrictions and progressive tax incentives are explicitly taken into account. Our results indicate that for designing
and measuring public support to R&D it is often not sufficient to focus only on tax rate effects of R&D tax incentives and
the design of a tax incentive must be in accordance with the framing tax system in order to be effective. As soon as there
are any limitations in place, our results suggest a considerably lower impact of R&D tax incentives on the post-tax R&D expenditures
than the commonly used B-Index by the OECD. The results clearly illustrate the beneficial impact of immediate cash refunds
for unused tax incentives. 相似文献
997.
Regional prosperity increasingly depends on a region’s capacity to have command over the production of ideas. Measuring the
production of ideas with patents, the objective of this paper is to analyze how the number of utility patents granted to inventors
in U.S. States in different technologies changed between 1997 and 2007 and how States took advantage of the new opportunities
and adapted to the changing technology landscape. The paper uses shift-share analysis, traditionally used in employment studies,
for analyzing change in patents by technology categories developed by the NBER. The shift-share results show that only a few
states were able to take advantage of the information technology driven increases in patents. California dominates in patent
production and may be providing spillover benefits to neighboring states. The shift-share decompositions are used as variables
in a fixed-effect panel-regression model of state economic growth. The regression results show that the shift-share decompositions
provide statistically significant information in explaining growth after accounting for a State’s stock of patents, suggesting
that States should concentrate on effective ways to boost their stock of knowledge in rapidly growing technologies to improve
state economic growth. 相似文献
998.
David C. Mowery 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):697-711
A substantial literature on nanotechnology innovation and commercial development has characterized several elements of these
phenomena as constituting new developments in the US national innovation system. Among these elements are the (asserted) “post-academic”
nature of US universities’ involvement with nanotechnology R&D, and federal funding of nanotechnology R&D on goals related
to economic competitiveness. This paper challenges the “novelty” of these elements, while suggesting that other elements of
nanotechnology R&D, including the extensive patenting of the results of nanotechnology-related research and the emphasis within
many university-industry collaborations on patent-based channels for “technology transfer,” may indeed be new and raise questions
for the long-term efficiency and innovative performance of nanotechnology-related R&D. 相似文献
999.
The nanotechnology and biotechnology “revolutions” are so-called because their enabling technological breakthroughs were not
simply inventions, but discoveries of entirely new methods of inventing. We hypothesize that university participants in either
or both of these areas will exhibit greater collaboration with industry than researchers in other areas. We explore this hypothesis
for 454 faculty members who conducted research that was patented during the period 1994–1999. Because our data include patents,
publications, and funding at the individual level, we are able to examine the industry interaction of faculty who participated
in the nanotechnology and biotechnology revolutions, as well as the interaction of faculty contributing to other areas of
patentable science. We examine a variety of linkages, including sponsored research, consulting, publication with firm employees
and measures of the potential for cross-campus collaboration. The results are striking in that they show significant differences
in collaborative behavior across patent types and across the major program areas biological sciences, physical sciences and
engineering. The results are consistent with a greater degree of tacit knowledge within the new methods of inventing. We also
find significant differences in the embryonic nature and importance of patents across areas. 相似文献
1000.
For over 30 years, research has shown that men can and do sustain intimate partner violence (IPV) from their female partners.
This is the first large-scale, nationally-based, quantitative study to systematically detail the helpseeking experiences of
men who have sustained IPV from their female partners. The sample is composed of 302 men who were recruited from resources
specializing in men’s issues. Results indicate that men who seek help for IPV victimization have the most positive experiences
in seeking help from family/friends, and mental health and medical providers. They have the least positive experiences with
members of the DV service system. Cumulative positive helpseeking experiences were associated with lower levels of abusing
alcohol; cumulative negative experiences were associated with higher rates of exceeding a clinical cut-off for post-traumatic
stress disorder. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the social service sector and for future research. 相似文献