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131.
Using results from a large Norwegian follow-up study of former adolescent psychiatric in-patients we have traced the progression from mental disorders requiring hospitalisation in adolescence to registered criminal behaviour in adulthood, particularly highlighting gender differences. A nationwide representative sample of 1095 adolescent psychiatric inpatients (46% females) was followed up 15–33 years after admission to the National Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Oslo, Norway. In adolescence 45% fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for a disruptive behaviour disorder. At follow-up, 63% of the males and 39% of the females had a criminal record. Among females, psychoactive substance use disorder in adolescence seemed to be a sine qua non for later registered criminality, with intravenous drug use a potent risk factor for life-course-persistent criminality. The same strong association between drug use and criminality was not found in males. Factor analysis demonstrated that while the DSM-IV Conduct Disorder criteria structure was similar across genders, the prevalence of the various forms of expression was different in males and females. The differences between individuals with violent and non-violent crimes were more substantial in males than in females. There were marked gender differences in the criminal profiles observed, with the females' criminal career developing in a less serious manner than in males: females had later criminal debut, a lower number of acts on record, less diverse criminal behaviour, and an escalation in the severity of offences over time was less frequently encountered. However, secular trend analyses indicated that gender differences had diminished over the last several decades, with females “catching up” with their male counterparts. Overall, the results demonstrated important qualitative and quantitative gender differences in the criminal behaviour of former adolescent psychiatric in-patients. The results may be of use in prevention. 相似文献
132.
133.
A review of recent case law outlining the approach to enforcingforeign judgments in some common law jurisdictions. The cases,which were all decided over the last three years, in or on appealfrom, the Isle of Man, Jersey and the Cayman Islands, dealtwith orders for the transfer of shareholdings in companies incorporatedin the respective jurisdictions. It is the raison d'etre ofthe offshore trusts industry in each of those jurisdictionsthat they have each sought to put in place, some later thanothers, legislative packages which advertise certainty aboutthe circumstances in which foreign judgments will or will notbe enforced. 相似文献
134.
An important theoretical issue in the study of criminal victimization focuses on state dependence or the extent to which prior
victimization causally affects subsequent victimization. Framing this issue are two conceptual arguments that posit divergent
predictions regarding the impact of past victimization. While “victim labeling” suggests that the experience of prior victimization
increases victimization in the future, “victim rationality” suggests that past victimization decreases subsequent victimization.
To date there has been little longitudinal research that explicitly evaluates these competing viewpoints. In response, the
current study uses panel data from a sample of adolescents to assess the merit of these opposing theoretical frameworks. Against
this theoretical backdrop, it is shown that prevailing strategies for the analysis of panel data—random-effects and fixed-effects—produce
erroneous results that add confusion to the debate regarding the nature of state dependence processes in criminal victimization.
Drawing from advances in econometrics, two estimators that can overcome the problems that plague more traditional panel data
models are used to provide a test of the competing victimization perspectives. Results from those analyses suggest support
for the thesis that past victimization increases subsequent victimization, but the magnitude of this positive relationship is more modest than is indicated by analytic models
that have been utilized in prior longitudinal victimization research.
相似文献
Graham C. OuseyEmail: |
135.
This article explores the gender dynamics in a multidisciplinary research team, focussing particularly on the way gendered power struggles affect the production of knowledge. Gender-based conflicts over the relevance of gender to the research process threatened to silence all the women involved in the research: the researchers, the participants and the woman on the management team. As the research was exploring the under-representation of women in senior positions in organisations and their experiences of gendered processes at work, this silencing would have had particularly serious implications for the outcome of the project. During this conflict, power resources were mobilised by both women and men. The eventual resolution of the conflict ensured that women's voices were heard and their experiences made visible. This had a crucial effect on both the research process and the outcome of the research project and demonstrates the critical effect of gender on the knowledge that can be produced by research. 相似文献
136.
In this paper, it is argued that we need to understand the role of ‘hate’ in the organisation of bodies and spaces before
we ask the question of the limits of ‘hate crime’ as a legal category. Rather than assuming hate is a psychological disposition
- that it comes from within a psyche and then moves out to others - the paper suggests that hate works to align individual
and collective bodies through the very intensity of its attachments. Such alignments are unstable precisely given the fact
that hate does not reside in a subject, object or body; the instability of hate is what makes it so powerful in generating
the effects that it does. Furthermore, although hate does not reside positively in a subject, body or sign, this does not
mean that hate does have effects that are structural and mediated. This paper shows that hate becomes attached or ‘stuck’
to particular bodies, often through violence, force and harm. The paper dramatizes its arguments by a reflection on racism
as hate crime, looking at the circulation of figures of hate in discourses of nationhood, from both extreme right wing and
mainstream political parties. It also considers the part of what hate is doing can precisely be understood in terms of the
affect it has on the bodies of those designated as the hated, an affective life that is crucial to the injustice of hate crime.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
137.
138.
Drew M. Anderson Katharine M. Broton Sara Goldrick-Rab Robert Kelchen 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2020,39(3):720-739
We conduct the first long-term experimental evaluation of a need-based financial aid program, the privately funded Wisconsin Scholars Grant. Over multiple cohorts, the program failed to increase degree completion and graduate school enrollment up to 10 years after matriculation. The program did reduce time-to-degree for some students and modestly increased the number of STEM degrees earned. The lack of robust effects raises important questions about the conditions necessary for financial aid to benefit students. 相似文献
139.
Public Choice - Causal inference and American political development (APD) are widely separated and (to some) fundamentally incompatible tendencies within political science. In this paper, we... 相似文献
140.
Esther S. Chang Jutta Heckhausen Ellen Greenberger Chuansheng Chen 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(11):1293-1304
This study proposed and confirmed three ways in which college students can perceive shared agency and two ways in which they can perceive non-shared agency with parents when pursuing educational goals in college. Differences and similarities were examined among participants
from four ethnic backgrounds (N = 515; 67% female): East Asian American, Southeast Asian American, Filipino/Pacific Islander American, and European American.
Results indicated that Asian American youth reported higher levels of non-shared agency with parents (i.e., parental directing
and noninvolvement), lower levels of shared agency (i.e., parental accommodation, support, or collaboration), and poorer college
adjustment compared to European Americans. However, ethnic similarities were found whereby perceived shared agency in education
with parents was associated with college adjustment. Multiple mediation analyses also indicated that our model of shared and
non-shared agency with parents explained differences in college adjustment between Asian and European Americans, though more
strongly for comparisons between European and East Asian Americans. Our results suggest that parents continue to be important
in the education of older youth but that continued directing of youth’s education in college can be maladaptive. 相似文献