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91.
Hughes CE Juarez CA Hughes TL Galloway A Fowler G Chacon S 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(5):1094-1106
The nonmetric "trait list" methodology is widely used for estimating ancestry of skeletal remains. However, the effects of the method's embedded subjectivity on subsequent accuracy and consistency are largely unknown. We develop a mathematical simulation to test whether variation in the application of the "trait list" method alters the ancestry estimation for a given case. Our simulation explores how variations in (i) trait selection, (ii) number of traits employed, and (iii) ancestry choice thresholds affect the ancestry estimation of an unidentified skeleton. Using two temporally and geographically diverse samples, the simulation demonstrates that trait selection, trait quantity, threshold choices, and the exclusion of high-frequency traits had minimal effect on estimation of general ancestry. For all data sets and Runs, Accuracy(AS) was maintained above 90%. The authors close with a discussion on the logistical issues present when choosing traits, and how to avoid ancestry bias. 相似文献
92.
Purpose
Conduct the first empirical intra-urban examination of community-level connections between street robbery and temperature. Examine whether community socioeconomic status (SES) and crime-relevant land uses strengthen or weaken the temperature impact. A theoretical framework relying on routine activity theory, crime pattern theory, and resident-based control dynamics organized predictions.Data and methods
For Philadelphia census tracts (n = 381), monthly street robbery counts and temperature data for 36 consecutive months were combined with census and land use data, and analyzed with multilevel models.Results
Community robbery counts were higher when temperatures were higher, and in lower SES communities. In support of previous work with property crime, but in contrast to previous work with assault, the effects of temperature were stronger in higher SES communities. In support of the integrated model, commercial land use prevalence and subway stations were associated with heightened temperature impacts on robbery.Conclusions
Community-level fixed and random effects of temperature on urban robbery counts persist when controlling for land use and community structure; further, the random effects depend in part on both. There are implications for understanding indigenous guardianship or informal resident-based place management dynamics, and for planning seasonal police deployments. 相似文献93.
Rodney Taylor 《环境索赔杂志》2011,23(2):105-117
The Supreme Court has historically been reluctant to involve itself in environmental matters, especially those relating to the regulation of releases or emissions of harmful substances. The court has typically been content to allow the legislative branch to fashion appropriate regulations to address environmental issues and for the executive branch to enforce those regulations. The acceptance of certiorari in the Second Circuit's Connecticut v. AEP case was a surprise because it not only involves environmental regulation, but also the common law applicable to public nuisance actions seeking redress for climate change damage allegedly caused by emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The AEP case is shaping up to be a blockbuster in the climate change debate in the United States, and the decision could have broad repercussions in not only future litigation involving climate change, but also GHG legislation and the insurance available to address damage due to weather-related events. 相似文献
94.
In April 2010 the New Zealand Family Court introduced the National Early Intervention Process (NEIP) to diversify its previous unitary dispute resolution pathway into two tracks (standard and urgent). A “triage” model is now in use to assess and assign cases appropriately. This article outlines the key milestones in the Family Court's 30‐year history which have led to this new initiative to reduce delays and help avoid the escalation of family conflicts over the care of children into bitter and intractable disputes. NEIP represents the most overarching reform of the Family Court since the Court's inception in 1981. 相似文献
95.
Changes in federal government relations with First Nations and Métis in Canada have been described as shifting over time, from fur trade colonialism, to welfare colonialism, to neoliberal partnerships. Acknowledging changes and continuities in Aboriginal peoples–state relations over time, this article examines the effects of recent policies that emphasize private–public partnerships for economic development on Indigenous communities in northern Alberta. We argue that while the term ‘partnership’ connotes equality, cooperation, and consensus, the actual workings of partnerships are anything but equal, and the effects include fragmentation, competition, and lack of overall accountability. These outcomes work against the needs and aspirations of Indigenous communities. 相似文献
96.
97.
Ahmed Alshumaimri Taylor Aldridge David B. Audretsch 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2010,35(6):585-596
This paper explains why and how a technology transfer revolution is taking place in Saudi Arabia to meet the mandate that
Saudi Arabia become globally competitive as a knowledge-based innovative economy. The paper explains and identifies the new
policies and institutions that have been introduced and developed to facilitate technology transfer and knowledge spillovers
from the universities for commercialization and ultimately innovative activity and economic growth. The paper finds that a
technology transfer revolution in Saudi Arabia is taking place, with the goal of leapfrogging from the factor-based stage
of economic development to the innovation-based stage of economic development, while bypassing the intermediary efficiency-based
stage of economic development. 相似文献
98.
In this study, we randomly assigned 123 sixth and seventh grade classrooms from seven middle schools in the greater Cleveland
area to one of two five-session curricula addressing gender violence/sexual harassment (GV/SH) or to a no-treatment control
group. A baseline survey and two follow-up surveys were administered immediately after the treatment (Wave 2) and about six
months post-treatment (Wave 3). In an earlier paper, we demonstrated the effectiveness of two approaches to youth GV/SH prevention
programming (a fact-based, law and justice curriculum and an interaction-based curriculum). In this paper, we explored whether
these largely positive findings remain for both girls and boys, including whether girls experience higher levels of GV/SH
than boys. Most of our statistical models proved to be non-statistically significant. However, in 2 of our 48 victimization/perpetration
(any violence, sexual violence and non-sexual violence) models (across two post-intervention follow-up points), we observed
that the interventions reduced peer (male or female, non-dating partner) sexual violence victimization and reduced peer perpetration,
but another outcome model indicated that the interventions increased dating perpetration. These mixed findings will need to
be explored further in future research. Regarding our primary research question, we observed no statistically significant
differences for the treatment multiplied by gender interaction terms for any of the perpetration or victimization outcome
models, suggesting that the treatment had similar effects on girls and boys. However, we did observe that boys are more involved
in violence than girls: both as victims and perpetrators. Boys experienced significantly more of three types of victimization
from peers and dating partners compared to what girls experienced at the hands of their peers and dating partners. As perpetrators,
boys committed more sexual victimization against peers (immediately post-intervention only) and more sexual victimization
against dating partners than girls. The implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
99.
100.
This article describes a New Zealand forensic agency's contextual information management protocol for bloodstain pattern evidence examined in the laboratory. In an effort to create a protocol that would have minimal impact on current work-flow, while still effectively removing task-irrelevant contextual information, the protocol was designed following an in-depth consultation with management and forensic staff. The resulting design was for a protocol of independent-checking (i.e. blind peer-review) where the checker's interpretation of the evidence is conducted in the absence of case information and the original examiner's notes or interpretation(s). At the conclusion of a ten-case trial period, there was widespread agreement that the protocol had minimal impact on the number of people required, the cost, or the time to complete an item examination. The agency is now looking to adopt the protocol into standard operating procedures and in some cases the protocol has been extended to cover other laboratory-based examinations (e.g. fabric damage, shoeprint examination, and physical fits). The protocol developed during this trial provides a useful example for agencies seeking to adopt contextual information management into their workflow. 相似文献