谨防诉讼调解过度化

鉴于诉讼调解在彻底解决纠纷、实现案结事了方面确实具有判决难以比拟的优势,诉讼调解在司法政策上得到支持,在司法实践中受到欢迎,具有足够的正当性与合理性。但是,我国原有制度已经为法官优先选择调解提供了充分的激励,在此基础上再大力强调调解,采取多种措施激励法官调解,有可能会造成诉讼调解过度化乃至强制化的局面。这种局面不但会损害当事人的合法权益,影响司法权威,阻碍我国的法制建设,也不利于审判效率的提高。因此,必须谨防诉讼调解过度化现象的产生。     

Democratization and women’s representation in presidential cabinets: evidence from East and Southeast Asia

This article examines patterns of women’s cabinet representation across all presidential democracies in East and Southeast Asia since democratization. It demonstrates how the choice of female ministers differs across career backgrounds in presidential systems and further examines why young presidential systems in Asia are conducive to women’s access to ministerial power through professional career tracks. We argue that despite women’s successful performance in national legislative elections, women have been restricted to access the power resources necessary to target other political goals, such as cabinet positions, whereas democratic transition has provided broader avenues for women to emerge as professionals outside party politics. By analyzing original data on female ministers in East and Southeast Asia, the study finds that the share of women among professional ministers has increased over time, but women’s share among political ministers has not changed significantly. Additionally, the different qualifications of female politicians and professionals also make them eligible for appointment to different types of policy areas in terms of prestige and gender. Our analysis suggests that women’s cabinet representation has improved overall since democratic transition in Asia, but this improvement disguises contrasting outcomes in women’s cabinet status according to their career backgrounds.     

Unemployment and crime: the role of apprehension

An increase in the unemployment rate decreases the opportunity cost of crime and increases the crime rate according to standard microeconomics models. However, a large body of empirical research has shown that an increase in unemployment may increase or decrease crime. By incorporating the return to crime into standard economic models, this paper shows that an increase in unemployment, as in recessions, decreases the opportunity cost of crime and the return to crime as well. As a result, the effect of unemployment on crime is ambiguous and depends on the apprehension rate. An increase in the unemployment rate tends to decrease the crime rate at lower apprehension rates, but to increase it at higher apprehension rates. An increase in the generosity of unemployment insurance benefits does not necessarily reduce the crime rate, and the effect of more generous unemployment insurance on crime depends again on the apprehension rate.     

两岸青年持续合作的动力与机制

随着两岸关系发展的新进程,两岸青年交流呈现出机制化、品牌化、多主题、多渠道等交流趋势,取得积极成效的同时却也存在交流动力不足和认知偏差等障碍.两岸青年交流在一个不断变化的环境中得以持续合作的动力主要来自于:信任、利益联结、社团合作和文化认同等要素的激活,实践中则要依靠对话机制、教育交流机制、文化整合机制、可持续机制和激励机制的制度设计和建设才能实现.     

CDU refugee policies and the landesverband oder/neiße: Electoral tool or instrument of integration?

Despite the recognition that the integration of refugees and expellees into west Germany has been one of the success stories of the post‐war period, little light has been shed on the process of political integration of this group into the political system of the nascent Federal Republic. As the ‘newcomers’ were prevented from organising themselves in political or cultural organisations, the only legitimate way of exercising political influence was the way through the licensed parties. The CDU/CSU as a conglomerate of liberal and conservative traditions made use of its historic opportunity to adapt its flexible party apparatus and encourage refugee participation. Thereby, it made an important contribution to the political representation of refugee demands as well as attracting a large proportion of the newcomers’ votes.     

2021年国际安全形势:不稳定因素增加不确定风险上升

2021年,世界变局加速演进,国际安全形势总体稳定,但内部张力持续增加,加之新冠肺炎疫情继续蔓延,国际安全秩序受到考验和冲击,国际安全中不稳定因素增加、不确定风险上升。美国强化对霸权的护持,在努力维系原有同盟体系的同时,开始搭建新的安全架构,导致大国竞争继续升温,也使国际安全合作空间进一步收紧。地缘博弈在一些地区引发紧张和冲突,潜藏着较大的失控危险,也孕育着新的分化组合。国际安全治理存在诸多缺失,原有的秩序出现松动和失效,新的规范又难以确立。总的来说,国际关系不断进化的趋势没有改变,全球范围内对推进合作、强化协调的需求相应增加。     

英国剖腹产案件中的患者自主权研究

英国20世纪90年代一系列法院授权的剖腹产案件表显出了妇产领域根深蒂固的医学与司法上的家父主义倾向——对产妇欠缺意识能力的一般推定,对产妇非理性决定的蔑视以及对产妇及/或胎儿生命利益无以复加的推重——从而与患者自主权原则发生冲突。英国法院通过对意识能力概念过于严格的解释,来绕过胎儿非为法律上之人的法律壁垒,甚至公然对实证法的立场发起挑战。上诉法院虽然在两项判决中扼制住了这一情绪化的异动,它的意识能力理论却仍然为家父主义的回潮埋下了伏笔。故而,单有法律原则,还不足以为产妇自主权提供充分保护。只要诸如应该不惜一切代价地让产妇娩出一个健康的孩子、分娩中的产妇欠缺作出有效决定的意识能力这样一些流布甚广的观念不得澄清,产妇导向的法律政策与婴儿导向的产科训练之间的冲突不得协调,强化了产科医生话语权的医疗资源匮乏状态不得根本缓解,那么,曲解、回避法律原则强行手术的作法就断不会少。