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Wolfgang Drechsler 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2001,12(2):105-111
Staatswissenschaften is said to mean that there are certain specific fields of scholarly inquiry and higher education that relate primarily to the state, which is defined widely as structured human living-together. It is outlined why this is a concept viable for the future, particularly—but not only—in and for Europe. 相似文献
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Wolfgang R. Mayr 《Forensic science international》1981,18(3):235-236
The analysis of lipstick stains presented here is a combination of several techniques. In addition to colour comparison and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis, X-ray analysis in a scanning electron microscope and high-performance liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) analysis have been used. X-ray analysis may be performed directly on the material bearing the stain. For TLC and HPLC analyses a solvent extract of the stain was used.Guidance is given for practical examination of lipstick stains. When using all the methods described in this paper, all the 117 different lipstick samples examined in this study could be distinguished from each other. 相似文献
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Both in U.S. antitrust and EU competition policy, a developmentto a broader application of rule of reason instead of per serules can be observed. In the European discussion the attemptto base competition policy on a "more economic approach" ismainly viewed as improving the economic analysis in the assessmentof specific cases. In this paper it is shown from a generallaw and economics perspective that the application of rulesinstead of focussing on case-by-case analyses can have manyadvantages (lower regulation costs, rent-seeking, and knowledgeproblems), although an additional differentiation of rules througha deeper assessment can also have advantages in regard to thereduction of decision errors of type I and II. After introducingthe notion of a continuum of more or less differentiated rules,we showbased upon law and economics literature upon theoptimal complexity of rulesin a simple model that a competitionrule is optimally differentiated if the marginal reduction ofthe sum of error costs (as the marginal benefit of differentiation)equals the marginal costs of differentiation. This model alsoallows for a more detailed analysis of the most important determinantsof the optimal degree of rule-differentiation. From this lawand economics perspective, competition policy should consistmainly of (more or less differentiated) rules and should onlyrarely rely on case-by-case analysis. Therefore the main taskof a "more economic approach" is to use economics for the formulationof appropriate competition rules. 相似文献
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Michael Coppedge Wolfgang H. Reinicke 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1990,25(1):51-72
The authors have developed a scale based on Robert Dahl’s concept of polyarchy. The scale measures the degree to which national
political systems meet the minimum requirements for political democracy, where real-world “democracies” rather than abstract
ideals are the, standard. The Polyarchy Scale is constructed from indicators of freedom of expression, freedom of organization,
media pluralism, and the holding of fair elections. The scale is (1) well grounded in democratic theory, (2) world-wide in
scope., (3) demonstrably valid, (4) solves problems of weighting indicators and (5) is easy to interpret and replicate., Some
limitations in the scale's applicability are discussed and suggestions are made for improvements and future research.
Michael Coppedge is assistant professor in the Latin American Studies Program at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International
Studies (SAIS), 1740 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. He is completing a book on party factions and presidential
democracy in Venezuela.
Wolfgang H. Reinicke is a Ph.D. candidate at Yale University and a research fellow at the Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts
Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. He is currently completing a dissertation on the politics of global integration in banking
and finance. 相似文献
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