2000年以来的欧盟条约改革进程——欧洲联盟宪政化进程中的曲折起伏

2000年至2008年期间,欧洲联盟付出了巨大努力以正式推进宪政化进程。基于欧洲一体化进程长期以来形成的传统,成员国在谈判《尼斯条约》的政府间会议的最后阶段首次提出了制宪这一议题,从而开启了所谓的莱肯进程:就欧洲的未来展开正式而公开的辩论、设立制宪大会,以及谈判起草一部《欧洲宪法条约》。然而,《欧洲宪法条约》遭遇否决使得整个改革计划受到质疑。经过一段时间的反思和重新谈判,各国政府就一部新条约达成了一致。该条约在很大程度上保留了原宪法条约的实质内容,但不再使用一些象征性用语。这次条约修改的成果《里斯本条约》自2009年12月1日生效。本文详尽列举了2000至2008年期间条约改革进程中的曲折起伏,提出应将欧盟的宪政化视为一个长期而渐进的过程。即使今后一段时间内不会重提通过一部欧盟宪法的正式计划,这一过程仍将继续。     

From economic statism to free-market regime： Re-considering Nigeria＇s private-sector-led economy drive

The Nigeria＇s economy since its induction into the global capitalist mode of production has been an appendage and a satellite outpost of metropolitan capitalism. Incidentally, unlike their western counterparts, who owned the means of production of the economies of their respective countr/es, the Nigerian national bourgeoisies who took over the control of state productive resources at the country＇s independence however were weaned unto the national stage from weak material base. They, therefore, depended on the state for their reproduction and also owe their bourgeoisie status simply by seizing the apparatus of the state and appropriating state resources. As a result of their weak material base, they have at every point in time to devise economic frameworks that could always afford them unfettered access to state resources. Each of the economic models devised has always, however been dictated by the metropolitan capitalism and the imperative of shoring up the weak material base; so that while these national bourgeoisies mouth the slogan of indigenous origin, they merely attempt to cover their comprador status. Incidentally, however, these national bourgeoisies have no choice other than to accede to the dictates of foreign capitalism, even as the relationship between the two is mutually beneficial, albeit to the detriment of the majority of the citizens. At first, it was through heavy state presence in the economy and later the free market system. In each case, the Nigerian bourgeoisies however have had to justify their actions as informed by true nationalistic motive, to wit for the overall good and benefit of all. But evidence points to the contrary that whether with state-run economy or free market mechanism, the Nigerian economy remains a victim of primitive accumulation by the country＇s elites and its so-called national bourgeoisie.     

后苏联空间

在俄罗斯对外政策中,独联体各国家,也就是人们习惯上称之为俄罗斯近邻的原苏联各加盟共和国是其优先考虑的地缘政治方向。后苏联空间在经济、国防和民族安全等重要领域形成一个特殊的范围。这个空间正面临对生产核武器、生化武器、制造工业、基因和生态危机有用的原料和工艺的严重流失。毫不夸张地说,俄罗斯的前途在许多方面取决于它在这一空间的作用、地位及其对这一空间影响的性质和程度。人们开始接受针对俄罗斯缺乏东方政策,其中包括缺乏对外高加索政策的批评。据估计,形成这样一个对外政治战略纲领需要复杂的过程,尤其是在今天俄罗斯所…     

水(权)转让或转移:实现水资源可持续利用之路——美国视角

水是所有生命得以存续的不可或缺之物。经济的发展、生活水平的提高和价值理念的变化导致水资源需求在种类、数量和质量上的不断增加。但是,一国管辖范围内乃至地球上可利用的水资源是相对不变的,因而需要对之进行重新配置,实施水(权)转让或转移。转让或转移不仅事关法律问题,而且涉及经济、社会、环境等问题;不仅关系国内层面,而且牵涉国际层面。在这篇经典文献中,塔洛克教授以美国为视角,从水资源配置的历史、法律、经济、地理、政治、环境、社会理念和文化等诸多方面,对这一问题进行了全方位、跨学科的学术剖析。对于纠正国内一些学者对美国水权制度认识上的偏差,帮助我们了解美国法学界的跨学科研究,推动我国建立以可持续发展为理念的水资源配置制度,文章具有一定的积极作用。     

The Road to Reengagement and Beyond

The Shanghai Communiqué, a pathbreaking accord signed by U.S. President Richard Nixon and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on February 28, 1972, marks a defining moment in the history of both the United States and the People’s Republic of China;50 years on, its significance endures.