Although the confluence of Fair Trade and organic agriculture has become a salient phenomenon, they contradict each other at the production level: Fair Trade focuses on specific products, while organic agriculture targets production units. This article explores how Southern small-scale producers cope with this discrepancy, by observing one farmers' group's attempt to obtain the two certifications in India. This case study identifies stakeholders who react to the two certifications differently under different livelihood strategies. Combining the two initiatives may not always be the best practice for realising poverty reduction and environmental conservation –aims which the initiatives have in common. 相似文献
Remittances from migrant workers play a significant role in keeping the economy of Bangladesh vibrant, adding around six per cent to the country's GDP and helping to maintain the balance of payments. This article examines remittance flows from Hong Kong and Malaysia to Bangladesh; the dynamics of remittance practices; and the impact on the well-being of migrant families. Data were collected from 126 labour migrants (56 in Hong Kong and 70 in Malaysia) between November 2004 and October 2006. The article presents empirical data showing that while remittances are significant component of the Bangladeshi economy, a considerable amount goes to ‘unproductive’ schemes. Hence remittances at the micro level that do not significantly contribute to increasing household capacities fail to bring about the anticipated sustainable development at the macro level.
La dynamique des pratiques d'envoi de fonds et le développement : migrants bangladais à l'étranger
Les envois de fonds par les travailleurs migrants jouent un rôle considérable dans le maintien du dynamisme de l'économie du Bangladesh, car ils comptent pour environ six pour cent du PIB du pays et contribuent à maintenir la balance des paiements. Cet article examine les transferts d'argent de Hong Kong et de Malaisie vers le Bangladesh, la dynamique des pratiques d'envois de fonds et l'impact sur le bien-être des familles migrantes. Des données ont été recueillies parmi 126 ouvriers (56 à Hong Kong et 70 en Malaisie) entre novembre 2004 et octobre 2006. Cet article présente des données empiriques qui montrent que, si les envois de fonds constituent effectivement un élément considérable de l'économie bangladaise, une quantité importante va vers des programmes « non productifs ». Ainsi, les envois de fonds au niveau micro qui n'apportent pas une contribution importante à l'accroissement des capacités des ménages ne donnent pas lieu au développement durable prévu au niveau macro.
Dinâmicas de práticas de remessa e desenvolvimento: imigrantes bengaleses
As remessas feitas por trabalhadores imigrantes desempenham um papel significativo em manter a economia de Bangladesh vibrante, adicionando cerca de seis por cento do PIB do país e ajudando a manter o balanço de pagamentos. Este artigo examina os fluxos de remessa de Hong Kong e Malásia para Bangladesh, as dinâmicas das práticas de remessa e o impacto sobre o bem-estar das famílias de imigrantes. Os dados foram coletados de 126 trabalhadores imigrantes (56 em Hong Kong e 70 na Malásia) entre novembro de 2004 e outubro de 2006. O artigo apresenta dados empíricos mostrando que embora as remessas sejam um componente significativo da economia de Bangladesh, um montante considerável vai para esquemas “improdutivos”. Assim, as remessas no nível micro que não contribuem significativamente para melhorar as condições da família, não conseguem promover o desenvolvimento sustentável previsto no nível macro.
La dinámica de las remesas y el desarrollo: los migrantes de Bangladesh en el extranjero
Las remesas de los trabajadores migrantes constituyen una parte importante de la economía de Bangladesh ya que representan el seis por ciento del PIB del país y contribuyen a mantener el equilibrio de la balanza de pagos. Este ensayo analiza los flujos de remesas de Hong Kong y Malasia hacia Bangladesh, la dinámica de cómo se utilizan las remesas y su impacto en el bienestar de las familias de los migrantes. Se recopilaron estadísticas de 126 trabajadores migrantes (56 en Hong Kong y 70 en Malasia) entre noviembre de 2004 y octubre de 2006. Los datos empíricos que presenta el ensayo demuestran que, si bien las remesas son un componente significativo de la economía de Bangladesh, una parte considerable se destina a actividades “improductivas”. Por lo tanto, las remesas a nivel micro que no contribuyen de manera significativa a mejorar las condiciones de los hogares no aportan al desarrollo sustentable a nivel macro que sería deseable. 相似文献
Studies of modern Asian economic history were hitherto carried out by scholars who took a traditional Eurocentric approach and emphasized economic relations between Asian countries and the West. However, since the early 1990s there have been growing numbers of economic historians who are critical of that approach and who attach greater importance to the role of intra-Asian trade in the economic development of Japan and other Asian countries. In this article I examine Japan's trade expansion into Southeast Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with particular reference to British Malaya. In contrast to trade between Japan and the West, which was mostly in the hands of Western merchants, Japan-Asia trade was controlled mainly by such Asian merchants as overseas Chinese and Indians at least until the First World War. I focus on the Indian merchants of Kobe, who were particularly active in Japan's burgeoning textile trade. 相似文献
Abstract This article analyses the various motives behind Japan's response to the December 2004 Asian earthquake and tsunami. There was no mono-causal explanation for Japan's tsunami aid policy. The various state, non-state and private actors involved in the policy-making and implementation process each had their own motives but were united by a genuine spirit of humanitarian goodwill. Nevertheless, the tragedy did provide the Japanese government with an opportunity to promote a security agenda by enhancing the legitimacy of the Self-Defence Forces (SDF) and strengthening military relations with the US. Tokyo also took advantage of the tsunami to pursue politico-diplomatic objectives. Prominent among these were two interrelated goals: the bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and a desire to diplomatically outshine China. 相似文献
One of the major promises of decentralisation is that it brings popular participation and accountability to local governance, making local government more responsive to citizens' desires and more effective in delivering services. Acknowledging the potential of decentralisation in improving delivery of basic services, the present article uses primary data to demonstrate that higher availability of urban basic services (UBSs) is associated with higher levels of citizen dissatisfaction. Policymakers need to adopt a comprehensive set of reform policies – strengthening the organic link between urban residents and municipalities, exploring alternative service delivery options, etc. – to improve the delivery of UBSs. Décentralisation et prestation de services urbains de base : l'expérience du Bengale-Occidental L'une des principales promesses de la décentralisation est qu'elle introduit la participation et la redevabilité dans la gouvernance locale, ce qui rend les collectivités gouvernementales locales plus à même de satisfaire les désirs des citoyens et plus efficaces dans la prestation des services. Reconnaissant le potentiel de la décentralisation pour améliorer la prestation de services de base, le présent article utilise des données primaires pour démontrer qu'une disponibilité accrue de services urbains de base (SUB) est associée à un degré plus élevé de mécontentement parmi les citoyens. Les décideurs doivent adopter un ensemble complet de politiques de réforme – renforcer le lien organique entre les résidents urbains et les municipalités, étudier d'autres options possibles pour la prestation de services, etc. – afin d'améliorer la prestation des SUB. Descentralização e implementação de serviços urbanos básicos: a experiência de Bengala Ocidental Uma das principais promessas da descentralização é que ela promove a participação popular e prestação de contas à governança local, tornando o governo local mais receptivo às vontades dos cidadãos e mais efetivo na implementação de serviços. Reconhecendo o potencial da descentralização para melhorar a implementação de serviços básicos, este artigo utiliza dados primários para demonstrar que uma maior disponibilidade de serviços urbanos básicos (UBSs) está associada a níveis mais altos de insatisfação dos cidadãos. Formuladores de políticas precisam adotar um conjunto abrangente de políticas de reforma – fortalecendo a ligação orgânica entre os residentes urbanos e as municipalidades, explorando opções de implementação de serviços alternativos, etc. – para melhorar a implementação de Serviços Urbanos Básicos (UBSs). La descentralización y prestación de servicios urbanos básicos: una experiencia de Bengala Occidental Una de las grandes esperanzas de la descentralización es que genera participación popular y rendición de cuentas de los gobiernos locales, consiguiendo que los gobiernos locales estén más atentos a los deseos de los ciudadanos y sean más eficaces en la prestación de servicios. Este ensayo reconoce que la descentralización puede mejorar la prestación de servicios básicos y utiliza información de primera mano para mostrar que las tasas de acceso a servicios urbanos básicos (SUB) más altas están asociadas a tasas de inconformidad ciudadana también más altas. Para mejorar la prestación de SUB, los políticos necesitan realizar un conjunto global de reformas políticas, fortaleciendo el vínculo organizativo entre los habitantes urbanos y los municipios, y ensayando nuevas formas de prestación servicios. 相似文献
Rural support programmes in Pakistan are major players in rural development, with significant outreach. Owing to funding constraints, they are currently exploring an exit strategy whereby they facilitate the formation of multi-tier local support organisations (LSOs), including those exclusively run by women. The present article focuses on the impact of this exit strategy on rural women. The findings, based on survey research, show that women have fared well, been more effective in running the LSOs than men and, despite confronting a conservative culture, have effectively filled in spaces vacated by men. Une stratégie de sortie pour un programme de soutien en milieu rural: lorsque des femmes remplissent les places libérées et excellent en développement communautaire Les programmes de soutien en milieu rural menés au Pakistan constituent des éléments importants dans le développement rural et ont un rayon d'influence considérable. Du fait des contraintes de financement, ils explorent actuellement une stratégie de sortie dans le cadre de laquelle ils facilitent la formation d'organisations de soutien locales à plusieurs niveaux (OSL), dont certaines dirigées exclusivement par des femmes. Cet article traite principalement de l'impact de cette stratégie de sortie sur les femmes rurales. Les conclusions, basées sur des recherches menées par le biais de questionnaires, montrent que les femmes s'en sont bien sorties, qu'elles ont été plus efficaces que les hommes dans leur administration des OSL et que, bien qu'ayant affaire à une culture conservatrice, elles ont rempli les places libérées par les hommes de façon efficace. Uma estratégia de saída do programa de apoio rural: mulheres preenchendo espaços vagos e destacando-se no desenvolvimento da comunidade Programas de apoio rural no Paquistão são grandes parceiros no desenvolvimento rural, com significativo alcance. Devido às limitações de fundos, eles estão atualmente explorando uma estratégia de saída para promoverem a formação de organizações de apoio local (LSOs) em vários níveis, incluindo aquelas exclusivamente administradas por mulheres. Este artigo concentra-se no impacto desta estratégia de saída sobre as mulheres rurais. Os resultados, baseados em pesquisa de campo, mostram que as mulheres têm tido uma boa atuação, têm sido mais efetivas na administração de LSOs do que os homens e, apesar de enfrentarem uma cultura conservadora, têm efetivamente preenchido espaços vagos de homens. Una estrategia de salida para un programa de apoyo rural: mujeres que ocupan vacantes y sobresalen en el desarrollo comunitario Los programas de apoyo rural en Pakistán tienen una presencia importante y un alcance significativo en el desarrollo rural. Debido a restricciones de financiación, actualmente estos programas adoptan una estrategia de salida que facilita la creación de organizaciones de apoyo local (OAL) de muchos niveles, incluyendo OAL cuyas integrantes son sólo mujeres. Este ensayo se centra en las repercusiones de esta estrategia de salida en las mujeres del campo. Los resultados obtenidos en una investigación basada en encuestas muestran que las mujeres han obtenido buenos resultados dado que las OAL a cargo de mujeres han respondido mejor que las de los hombres y, a pesar de la cultura conservadora que prevalece, las mujeres han cubierto los espacios dejados por los hombres de una manera eficaz. 相似文献
