Remittances from migrant workers play a significant role in keeping the economy of Bangladesh vibrant, adding around six per cent to the country's GDP and helping to maintain the balance of payments. This article examines remittance flows from Hong Kong and Malaysia to Bangladesh; the dynamics of remittance practices; and the impact on the well-being of migrant families. Data were collected from 126 labour migrants (56 in Hong Kong and 70 in Malaysia) between November 2004 and October 2006. The article presents empirical data showing that while remittances are significant component of the Bangladeshi economy, a considerable amount goes to ‘unproductive’ schemes. Hence remittances at the micro level that do not significantly contribute to increasing household capacities fail to bring about the anticipated sustainable development at the macro level.
La dynamique des pratiques d'envoi de fonds et le développement : migrants bangladais à l'étranger
Les envois de fonds par les travailleurs migrants jouent un rôle considérable dans le maintien du dynamisme de l'économie du Bangladesh, car ils comptent pour environ six pour cent du PIB du pays et contribuent à maintenir la balance des paiements. Cet article examine les transferts d'argent de Hong Kong et de Malaisie vers le Bangladesh, la dynamique des pratiques d'envois de fonds et l'impact sur le bien-être des familles migrantes. Des données ont été recueillies parmi 126 ouvriers (56 à Hong Kong et 70 en Malaisie) entre novembre 2004 et octobre 2006. Cet article présente des données empiriques qui montrent que, si les envois de fonds constituent effectivement un élément considérable de l'économie bangladaise, une quantité importante va vers des programmes « non productifs ». Ainsi, les envois de fonds au niveau micro qui n'apportent pas une contribution importante à l'accroissement des capacités des ménages ne donnent pas lieu au développement durable prévu au niveau macro.
Dinâmicas de práticas de remessa e desenvolvimento: imigrantes bengaleses
As remessas feitas por trabalhadores imigrantes desempenham um papel significativo em manter a economia de Bangladesh vibrante, adicionando cerca de seis por cento do PIB do país e ajudando a manter o balanço de pagamentos. Este artigo examina os fluxos de remessa de Hong Kong e Malásia para Bangladesh, as dinâmicas das práticas de remessa e o impacto sobre o bem-estar das famílias de imigrantes. Os dados foram coletados de 126 trabalhadores imigrantes (56 em Hong Kong e 70 na Malásia) entre novembro de 2004 e outubro de 2006. O artigo apresenta dados empíricos mostrando que embora as remessas sejam um componente significativo da economia de Bangladesh, um montante considerável vai para esquemas “improdutivos”. Assim, as remessas no nível micro que não contribuem significativamente para melhorar as condições da família, não conseguem promover o desenvolvimento sustentável previsto no nível macro.
La dinámica de las remesas y el desarrollo: los migrantes de Bangladesh en el extranjero
Las remesas de los trabajadores migrantes constituyen una parte importante de la economía de Bangladesh ya que representan el seis por ciento del PIB del país y contribuyen a mantener el equilibrio de la balanza de pagos. Este ensayo analiza los flujos de remesas de Hong Kong y Malasia hacia Bangladesh, la dinámica de cómo se utilizan las remesas y su impacto en el bienestar de las familias de los migrantes. Se recopilaron estadísticas de 126 trabajadores migrantes (56 en Hong Kong y 70 en Malasia) entre noviembre de 2004 y octubre de 2006. Los datos empíricos que presenta el ensayo demuestran que, si bien las remesas son un componente significativo de la economía de Bangladesh, una parte considerable se destina a actividades “improductivas”. Por lo tanto, las remesas a nivel micro que no contribuyen de manera significativa a mejorar las condiciones de los hogares no aportan al desarrollo sustentable a nivel macro que sería deseable. 相似文献
In the domain of environmental security, it appears that a strong civil society, one with strong social ingenuity and social capital, is a necessary condition not only for environmental security, but also for regional security in general. This paper will argue that in the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), much can be learned from the empirical experiences of Thailand and the Philippines that have established records of accomplishment in civil society participation in forest governance. Also discussed is the possible role of epistemic communities both within these countries as well as across countries in the ASEAN in harnessing institutions of knowledge to influence domestic and regional governance of forest resources. 相似文献
In the second commitment period 2013–2017, the Kyoto Protocol structure is strengthened considerably. The current Annex B countries agree to reduction targets averaging 23% reductions from 1990 level. This induces non-Annex B countries to take up emissions targets according to a multi-tiered graduation system. Graduation is undertaken according to thresholds defined by per capita GDP and emissions. Compared to the current Annex B, coverage of emissions by absolute caps would increase by about 25%; large low-income countries such as India and China do not graduate. Therefore, large emitters above 50 million t. p.a. can utilise a policy-based Clean Development Mechanism. Sinks of all types – terrestrial, marine and geological can be used. To achieve this policy scenario, voter pressure due to extreme meteorological events and a coordination of all progressive forces in the international climate negotiations are necessary. Moreover, a judicious combination of carrots and sticks has to be developed to entice Non-Annex B countries to graduate. 相似文献
Currently, the EU-15 forms the only 'bubble' under the Kyoto Protocol and has negotiated an internal burden sharing. A strategic EU climate policy should include accession countries. Thus, even in the case of early ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by 2002, it would be sensible to form a bubble with all countries that are certain to be EU members during the commitment period 2008–2012. Of course due to Art. 4.4 of the Protocol the EU-15 has to stick to its own bubble. However, nothing prevents it from forming an implicit bubble including all first wave countries by inducing them to form a bubble on their own and transfer the surplus to the EU-15. Similarly, second wave countries should form a bubble of their own to co-ordinate JI and permit transfers to the EU. This would reduce the gap between business-as-usual and the target by about 50%. If ratification is delayed to a point where it is clear which second wave countries will be members by 2008, the bubble should be extended by those countries. When in 2005 target negotiations start for the second commitment period, the EU should negotiate a bubble consisting of all states being certain to be members by 2013. 相似文献
Post-tsunami rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in Aceh have been criticised as focussing on vertical reporting at the expense of lateral coordination, leading in some cases to ‘overlaps and redundancies, mis-targeting and hastily planned and implemented programs’. Our experience is that effective coordination between implementing agencies, linked to appropriate Indonesian government agencies, can effectively improve the delivery of services, in this case to coastal aquaculture farmers in Aceh. Most importantly, in an environment where numerous agencies are undertaking rehabilitation activities across a broad geographic area, this approach enables the provision of a consistent and standardised technical message to farmers. Coopération dans la réhabilitation et le développement de l'aquaculture à Aceh, en Indonésie Les activités de réhabilitation et de reconstruction post-tsunami dans la province d'Aceh ont été critiquées comme se concentrant sur la présentation de rapports verticaux aux dépens de la coordination latérale, ce qui a mené dans certains cas à des « chevauchements et des redondances, à un ciblage erroné et à des programmes planifiés et mis en œuvre à la hâte ». Notre expérience indique que la coordination efficace entre les agences chargées de la mise en œuvre, reliées aux organismes gouvernementaux indonésiens appropriés, peuvent vraiment améliorer la prestation des services, dans ce cas aux aquaculteurs côtiers d'Aceh. De plus, et c'est l'aspect le plus important, dans un environnement où de nombreuses agences entreprennent des activités de réhabilitation dans une zone géographique large, cette approche permet de diffuser un message technique cohérent et standardisé aux aquaculteurs. Cooperação na reabilitação da aquacultura e desenvolvimento em Aceh, Indonésia As atividades de reabilitação e reconstrução pós-tsunami em Aceh têm sido criticadas por concentrar-se em relatórios verticais às custas de coordenação lateral, levando em alguns casos a “sobreposições e redundâncias, falta de foco e programas planejados e implementados de forma precipitada”. Nossa experiência indica que uma coordenação efetiva entre agências implementadoras, juntamente com agências governamentais apropriadas da Indonésia, podem efetivamente melhorar a implementação de serviços, neste caso para produtores costeiros de aquacultura em Aceh. Acima de tudo, em um ambiente em que várias agências estão realizando atividades de reabilitação em uma ampla área geográfica, esta abordagem permite o fornecimento de uma mensagem técnica consistente e padronizada para os produtores rurais. La cooperación para la rehabilitación y el desarrollo de la acuicultura en Aceh, Indonesia Las actividades de rehabilitación y reconstrucción tras el maremoto en Aceh han sido objeto de críticas por haberse centrado en informes verticales a costa de la coordinación horizontal, provocando en algunos casos “duplicidades y redundancias, objetivos mal definidos y programas planeados e implementados apresuradamente”. La experiencia de los autores muestra que una coordinación efectiva entre agencias ejecutoras, vinculada a las contrapartes correspondientes del gobierno de Indonesia, puede mejorar la prestación de los servicios de manera significativa, tratándose en este caso de piscicultores de la costa de Aceh. Lo más importante es que, en un ambiente donde varias agencias realizan actividades de rehabilitación en un amplio territorio, este método permite transmitir información técnica consistente y uniforme a los productores. 相似文献
This paper advances the proposition that post-Arab Spring politics are a product of globalisation’s economic and social liberalisation. The global market and privatisation have fundamentally deconstructed centralised autocratic rule over state and society, while facilitating corruption and selective development, culminating in public outrage. The political order of the Middle East and North Africa since the Arab Spring synthesises globalisation’s dialectic duality, in which economic integration has contributed to the demise of national authoritarianism, inciting communalism and political fragmentation. This paper analyses emerging political trends and challenges based on a comparative analysis of Egypt and Tunisia. 相似文献
