Gender Differences in the Educational Expectations of Urban,Low-Income African American Youth: The Role of Parents and the School

This study examined how youths’ gender is related to the educational expectations of urban, low-income African American youth, their parents, and their teachers. As predicted, African American boys (ages 9–16) reported lower expectations for future educational attainment than did their female counterparts. Parents and teachers also reported lower expectations for African American boys (ages 6–16) than for girls. These findings held even when controlling for academic achievement. Contrary to predictions, the magnitude of the difference in expectations for males vs. females did not increase as a function of youths’ age. In keeping with our hypotheses, parental expectations fully mediated the relation between youths’ gender and youths’ expectations. Finally, certain school-based factors (i.e., positive teacher expectations and positive youth perceptions of the school environment) appeared to protect youths’ expectations from the deleterious impact of low parental expectations.

城市地下空间开发之立法初探

我国城市发展速度不断加快,土地利用与土地资源的稀缺性之间的矛盾日益加剧,城市地下空间开发利用已经成为不争的事实。在土地平面开发模式逐渐转变为立体开发模式的过程中,地下空间的开发利用及其使用权管理相关的诸多问题没有被妥善处理,尚欠缺系统的城市规划法律规范。笔者基于我国城市地下空间开发利用之法律缺陷,借鉴国外城市地下空间的立法经验,拟对开发我国城市地下空间的立法提出建议。     

试论网络犯罪的证据立法

网络的高速发展使得以网络为手段的网络犯罪四处泛滥,其手段也不断更新,危害也日益严重。与此同时,由于其犯罪主体智能化,犯罪手段隐蔽,特别是证据难以采集等,此类犯罪破案率低,立案率更低。为此,各国纷纷加强立法对策,并通过国际公约针对网络犯罪规定了新的证据规则以应对。我国并没有针对网络犯罪的专门证据立法,使得理论与实务界对电子证据无法统一认定,有必要借鉴外国及国际公约建立起我国的电子证据立法。     

联邦国家的中央与地方立法分权模式研究

联邦制的启示在于,要实现中央和地方关系的法治化,有必要从宪法上合理配置中央和地方的立法权。虽然联邦国家的中央和地方分权历经变迁,但还是有章可循,而联邦国家的立法分权模式为中国的中央与地方关系法治化提供了可资借鉴的经验。     

论中医药传统知识保护立法的基本原则

中医药传统知识不仅是我国的传统文化和医疗资源,也是具有巨大经济价值的商业资源,通过立法来保护中医药传统知识已经成为了中医药界的共识。在保护中医药传统知识立法的过程中,立法技术要遵循与现行法律有效衔接、制度创新、上位法与下位法相结合等基本原则;立法内容要遵循保护与利用相结合、分类确权、体现价值、国家利益、政府主导等基本原则;立法进程要遵循先易后难、协调配合等基本原则,从而实现对中医药传统知识保护法律制度的系统构建。     

Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949: The Past,Present, and Future of Federal Housing and Urban Policy

Abstract

This article summarizes a special issue of Housing Policy Debate, which commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Housing Act of 1949. The act is best remembered for its declaration that every American deserves a “decent home and a suitable living environment.” The articles in this collection offer varying perspectives on how this act helped shape the postwar metropolis. The authors—urban planners, historians, and public officials—each consider a different part of the legacy.

The first three articles deal primarily with the act's creation and social and political ramifications, while the next three look at how Titles I, II, and III have influenced the past 50 years of housing and urban policy. The record of the Housing Act of 1949 is mixed, and so are its lessons. There remains an ongoing struggle to find the right mix of housing support to reach the goals first expressed in this landmark legislation.     

我国地方行政程序立法的新发展

近年来,我国多个地方政府制定了行政程序规则,这在学界引起了较大反响和争鸣。这些地方行政程序立法的主要内容包括立法目的、原则体系、行政程序的类型、公众参与和信息公开、立法架构、制度创新等方面,其主要特点是回应性、创新性、民主性、程序实体兼顾性。我国地方行政程序立法仍有诸多后续课题需要研究。     

Sketching and validating the location-based services (LBS) regulatory framework in Australia

Location-based services (LBS) are defined as those applications that combine the location of a mobile device associated with a given entity (individual or object) together with contextual information to offer a value-added service. LBS solutions are being deployed globally, and in some markets like Australia, without appropriate regulatory provisions in place. Recent debates in Australia have addressed the need to bridge the gap between technological developments and legal/regulatory provisions. This requires an assessment of the regulatory environment within a given social context such as Australia. The core components of such an investigation include: (a) composing a conceptual framework for analysing regulation of technologies such as LBS, one that is sensitive to public policy themes and challenges, and (b) applying this conceptual framework to the Australian setting in order to sketch and define the components of the present framework, and identify areas for improvement through a process of validation. This paper addresses these aims, demonstrating how the current regulatory framework in Australia is bound by legislation with respect to privacy, telecommunications, surveillance, and national security (that is, anti-terrorism), in addition to a set of industry guidelines for location-service providers (LSPs). The existing Australian framework, however, is lacking in its coverage and treatment of LBS and location data, and does not adequately address the themes and challenges in the defined conceptual framework.     

刑法中法律拟制应遵循的特定立法程序

由于法律拟制确实会产生一定的“威胁”而较难被社会公众所认同,因而为了应对和防范这种“威胁”并加强其被认同感,应当在一般刑法条款的立法程序之外再设置一些特定立法程序来规范法律拟制技术的运用或法律拟制条款的设置;1.设置包括立法听证会和立法论证会在内的特定的公众参与程序;2.设置法律拟制的立法说明程序;3.设置法律拟制的审查、解释及废止程序.     

从“东突”问题看我国反恐立法的完善路径

“东突”恐怖主义势力近年来不断制造各类暴力恐怖活动,严重危害我国国家安全、公共安全以及人民群众的生命财产安全。目前,我国反恐立法存在明显不足,没有专门的《反恐怖法》。完善我国的反恐法律体系迫在眉睫。在《反恐怖法》出台之前,可以通过修改刑事实体法、刑事程序法以及制定相关地方性法规的方式完善打击暴力恐怖犯罪的法律运行机制,为反恐工作提供法律保障。