关于20世纪社会主义的几点思考

探索 2 1世纪的社会主义 ,必须珍惜 2 0世纪社会主义运动的历史经验。 2 0世纪落后国家发生的社会主义革命有其内在必然性和历史合理性。社会主义建设实践的历史启示是 ,必须准确判定现实社会主义所处的历史阶段 ;必须适时实行理论和实践的重心向现代化建设的转移 ;必须正确认识计划和市场的关系 ,探索市场经济和公有制结合的具体机制 ;必须学习和借鉴发达国家一切有利于现代化同时又不具有内在的剥削性质的做法。邓小平理论在上述问题上的开拓和突破 ,形成马克思主义发展史的一个里程碑。信息革命和全球化对社会主义既是机遇更是挑战 ,它可能使社会主义代替资本主义的过程更加漫长和艰巨 ,但共产主义必然代替资本主义的结论仍然是科学真理。 2 1世纪社会主义将以更新更成熟的面貌出现在世界上。     

20世纪的马克思主义哲学在中国

20世纪马克思主义哲学在中国的传播和发展，以新中国的建立为界限，划分为两大阶段。前50年，用马克思主义哲学武装起来的中国人民为现代化在中国的实现而创造了必要的政治前提——夺取人民民主革命的胜利；后50年，则是中国共产党运用马克思主义哲学治理国家和它作为学术理论曲折发展的50年。贯穿这百年哲学的一根红线，就是它与中国革命、建设和改革实践日益结合并占据主导地位，使中国现代化的梦想变为现实的艰难曲折历程。世纪之交回顾这百年哲学历程，认真总结历史经验和教训，有利于抓住机遇，迎接挑战，明确主题，突出重点，推动21世纪马克思主义哲学在中国的新发展。     

The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on the Health and Labor Supply of Older Adults: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study

Older adults are at elevated risk of reducing labor supply due to poor health, partly because of high rates of symptoms that may be alleviated by medical marijuana. Yet, surprisingly little is known about how this group responds to medical marijuana laws (MMLs). We quantify the effects of state medical marijuana laws on the health and labor supply of adults age 51 and older, focusing on the 55 percent with one or more medical conditions with symptoms that may respond to medical marijuana. We use longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate event study and differences‐in‐differences regression models. Three principle findings emerge from our analysis. First, active state medical marijuana laws lead to lower pain and better self‐assessed health among older adults. Second, state medical marijuana laws lead to increases in older adult labor supply, with effects concentrated on the intensive margin. Third, the effects of MMLs are largest among older adults with a health condition that would qualify for legal medical marijuana use under current state laws. Findings highlight the role of health policy in supporting work among older adults and the importance of including older adults in assessments of state medical marijuana laws.     

Use of styryl 11 and STaR 11 for the luminescence enhancement of cyanoacrylate-developed fingermarks in the visible and near-infrared regions

In current casework, most post-cyanoacrylate stains rely on luminescence emission in the visible region (400-700 nm). While traditional stains such as rhodamine 6G work well under most circumstances, some surfaces may generate background luminescence under the same conditions. Detection in the near-infrared region (NIR > 700 nm) has shown to be effective in minimizing the interferences from such surfaces. The laser dye styryl 11 generated strongly luminescent fingermarks when applied after cyanoacrylate fuming on all surfaces tested. When compared to rhodamine 6G, the dye was superior only when viewed in the NIR. Styryl 11 was subsequently combined with rhodamine 6G, and the mixed stain formulation (named StaR 11 by the authors) induced stronger luminescence compared with styryl 11 alone with an ability to visualize in both the visible and NIR regions. Reliable and consistent results were obtained when using either styryl 11 alone or the STaR 11 mixture. The enhancement achieved did not otherwise vary depending on the source of the fingermark secretions. With visualization possible in both the visible and NIR regions, the styryl 11/rhodamine 6G mixture showed significant potential as a post-cyanoacrylate stain.     

Trading when you cannot trade: Blackout periods in Italian firms

This paper is part of the general debate concerning corporate governance. It focuses on a mechanism of self-regulation geared at avoiding market abuses: the use of blackout periods during which insiders are temporarily prohibited from trading on the market. Data concerning corporate characteristics, blackout periods, and internal dealing, seem to indicate that companies with a large number of independent directors and a consistent ability to monitor are more likely to adopt blackout periods. However, the research shows that during 2003 insiders did not comply with Italy's Code of Best Practice; they did not totally refrain from trading during the assigned blackout periods. All three variables measuring frequency trading – the numbers of transactions carried out, of active insiders, and of shares traded – were statistically significant during the specified blackout periods. Therefore, this paper could have practical implications for policy makers. If they decide to adopt self-regulation to fight market abuses, they must be aware that a law is only as effective as its enforcement.     

The impact of court errors on liability sharing and safety regulation for environmental/industrial accidents

We focus in this paper on the effects of court errors on the optimal sharing of liability between firms and financiers, as an environmental policy instrument. Using a structural model of the interactions between firms, financial institutions, governments and courts we show, through numerical simulations, the distortions in liability sharing between firms and financiers that the imperfect implementation of government policies implies. We consider in particular the role played by the efficiency of the courts in jointly avoiding Type I (finding an innocent firm guilty of inappropriate care) and Type II (finding a guilty firm not guilty of inappropriate care) errors. This role is considered in a context where liability sharing is already distorted (when compared with first best values) due not only to the courts’ own imperfect assessment of safety care levels exerted by firms but also to the presence of moral hazard and adverse selection in financial contracting. There is also not congruence of objectives between firms and financiers on the one hand and social welfare maximization on the other. Our results indicate that an increase in the efficiency of court system in avoiding errors raises safety care level, thereby reducing the probability of accident, and allowing the social welfare maximizing government to impose a lower liability [higher] share for firms [financiers] as well as a lower standard level of care.     

20世纪世界地缘政治斗争史析论

20世纪世界地缘政治斗争史划分为三个阶段第一阶段始于20世纪初,止于1945年;第二阶段始于1945年,止于1991年冷战终结;第三阶段自冷战结束迄今.与此三阶段相一致,世界地缘政治格局发生了两次大调整,即从以欧洲为中心的多极格局转向以欧亚大陆为中心的两极格局,再从两极格局向新的格局过渡.但迄今为止,这一过渡尚未完成.世界地缘政治格局及地缘政治中心具有可变性,变化的原动力基于大国综合实力,尤其是经济力量对比关系的变化.     

Anwendbarkeit von Bestimmungen des MRG bzw WGG

§ 20 Abs 1 WGG idF des 2. W?G stellt klar, welche Normen des WGG welche Bestimmungen des MRG in Geb?uden, die durch eine gemeinnützige Bauvereinigung errichtet worden sind, verdr?ngen. Für bis zum 28. 2. 1991 verwirklichte Sachverhalte ist danach noch altes Recht anzuwenden, für danach verwirklichte ohne Rücksicht auf den Zeitpunkt des Vertragsabschlusses das neue Recht des § 20 WGG. Die WRN 1999 dehnte den Anwendungsbereich des WGG auch auf Geb?ude aus, die von einer gemeinnützigen Bauvereinigung in gro?em Umfang saniert wurden. Für in solchen Geb?uden aufrechte Mietverh?ltnisse, die dem MRG unterliegen, hat ein automatisches Einpendeln in die Bestimmungen des WGG nicht stattgefunden, dieses setzt vielmehr das Vorliegen der Voraussetzungen des § 20a WGG voraus.     

20世纪中国文学中的英雄叙事

20世纪中国文学的英雄叙事走过了一条由强化到弱化、由英雄到凡人的道路.这既是思想启蒙的结果,也是多元价值并存社会的一种必然要求.从狂人到战士再到嬉皮士、土匪,英雄的背影逐渐远去,其身上承载的求真、向善品格淡出人们的视野,人类的精神高度也面临新的挑战.     

担负起民族振兴的神圣职责——费希特关于“学者的使命“引发的思考

社会转型时期呼唤"人文精神",在这个意义上,学者的社会意义和时代意义就更加凸显,因为学者的使命就是帮助人们完成人的使命,即人的彻底的自我实现和整个社会的共同完善.