人权史上的《自由大宪章》

《自由大宪章》被公认为是英国人权发展史上的一个里程碑式的文件。《自由大宪章》是英国的盎格鲁 -撒克逊传统与诺曼征服后特定的历史背景相结合的产物。它对于“自由民”的权利的规定体现了英国权利观念的特点 ,并树立起了英国人权传统。人们在对它的历史诠释中赋予了它在人权发展史上的重大的意义。《自由大宪章》作为英国人权传统的基石 ,它对于英国、欧洲大陆、美国乃至世界其他各国都有着深远的影响。     

铁在自由基介导的脑水肿中的作用

利用冷冻制成家兔局灶性脑损伤，术后２、８、１２及２４小时处死动物。测定脑组织中铁、水、脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）水平．结果表明，术后脑组织中铁、水及ＬＰＯ含量均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＳＯＤ活性则显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。且铁含量的升高与水含量及ＬＰＯ含量的升高有着显著的相关关系。说明铁在自由基介导的脑脂质过氧化及脑水肿的发生发展中起着重要作用。     

防治腐败的关键是控制行政自由裁量权

本文通过对腐败的载体、特点和本质的分析,指出行政腐败的主要领域是滥用行政自由裁量权,而防治行政腐败的主要思路就是控制和约束行政裁量权。     

警察权力滥用的原因分析及其控制

为了维护社会治安秩序,打击犯罪,保护人民的生命财产安全及其他合法权益,警察权有其存在的必然性。但是,作为国家权力的组成部分,警察权具有强制性、扩张性及自由裁量性的特点,再加上立法的粗陋,相关机制的不健全以及体制上的原因,使其极易被滥用,导致权力寻租现象层出不穷。     

GHB free acid: I. Solution formation studies and spectroscopic characterization by 1HNMR and FT-IR

In forensic evidence, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has frequently been encountered in one of its salt forms (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), but has also been encountered in its free acid form (GHB). Owing to the physical properties, encounters of the free acid have been largely restricted to forensic exhibits comprising aqueous solutions, such as acidic beverages that have been "spiked" or formulated with GHB salts or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). The analysis of GHB free acid presents particular difficulties including the potential for altering the original proportions of GHB free acid, GHB carboxylate, and GBL in the course of analysis, and discrimination between GHB free acid and carboxylate forms. In this work, the formation of GHB free acid in aqueous solutions (water and/or D2O) was studied as a function of solution pH. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) measurements were obtained on freshly prepared mixtures of NaGHB and HCl stock solutions representing a series of points along the GHB titration curve. Both 1HNMR and FT-IR were shown to track the changing proportions of GHB free acid and carboxylate forms as a function of pH, while simultaneously monitoring for the formation of the lactone (GBL). The results were consistent with acid-base conversion behavior for a carboxylic acid. 1HNMR was shown to provide an ideal means for analysis of aqueous-based GHB/GBL forensic exhibits based on simple dilution of the neat liquid exhibit, without altering the original proportions of GHB free acid, carboxylate, and GBL in the samples.     

Lead-free primer residues: a qualitative characterization of Winchester WinClean, Remington/UMC LeadLess, Federal BallistiClean, and Speer Lawman CleanFire handgun ammunition

The elemental composition and postfiring residues of several "lead-free" or "nontoxic" centerfire handgun ammunition types currently available to the general public were examined. Offerings from Winchester, Remington/UMC, Federal and Speer were obtained from retail sources in both .45 ACP and 9 mm when possible. A total of 112 postfiring residue samples (SEM pins) were collected at varying distances from the muzzle, at two distances from target and from the shooter's hands. An additional 20 samples were collected by direct ignition of primers. Qualitative determinations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/electron dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis. All types tested contained aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Most contain traces of sulfur and calcium. Winchester WinClean and Remington LeadLess contained potassium as the principle ingredient. Federal BallistClean contained barium, while Speer Lawman CleanFire contained strontium. In the main, these compared favorably with manufacturers' MSDS publications and patents granted. The characterizations undertaken here will be of use to the forensic electron microscopist as these formulations gain popularity.     

The Legal Profession in the european Union – a Comparative Analysis of Four Member States

Cross-border legal practice has finally become reality in Europe mainly thanks to two factors: the legal framework offered to EC lawyers by the EC legislator and the effect of globalization on legal profession. This article focuses primarily on the success of EC/EU efforts in abolishing obstacles to the free movement of lawyers. Particular attention is drawn to the Establishment Directive, adopted in 1998, opening up new perspectives for lawyers. Secondly, it discusses how globalization has contributed to this development. In relation to the above, this article also explores the new concept of establishment stemming from the expansion of law firms in Europe. Thirdly and mainly, it considers the national positions and the difficulties in harmonizing the legal professions throughout Europe. The examples of four Member States: the UK, France, Germany and Italy demonstrate how much they differ from each other as far as the needs, expectations and rules governing the legal profession. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

二醋吗啡对大鼠心肌细胞游离Ca^2＋浓度的作用

目的观察二醋吗啡对心肌细胞内游离Ca2 浓度的作用。方法取自1～3d的SD大鼠培养的心肌细胞,用荧光探针Fluo-3/AM负载心肌细胞,不同浓度及不同剂量的二醋吗啡作用心肌细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜下检测Ca2 的变化。结果不同剂量及浓度的二醋吗啡对心肌细胞内游离Ca2 浓度有不同作用,一定浓度的二醋吗啡使心肌细胞内游离Ca2 浓度呈剂量依赖性的升高、短时间内心肌细胞[Ca2 ]i荧光强度增强,并产生[Ca2 ]i峰。结论探索出二醋吗啡导致心肌细胞内Ca2 变化的有效浓度,为进一步深入研究打下了基础。     

试论我国农村集体建设用地使用权的流转

农村集体建设用地使用权的流转是理论界和实务界长期关注的焦点问题,本文从农村集体建设用地使用权流转的现状入手,简要分析了我国现行法律禁止农村集体建设用地使用权进入土地交易一级市场流转的弊端,最后结合民法价值判断问题的实体性论证规则论证了允许农村集体建设用地使用权依法自由流转的正当性。     

台湾“自由经济示范区”规划建设及对两岸区域经济合作的影响

近年来,为避免亚太经济一体化下被边缘化的危险,台湾当局积极推进“自由经济示范区”规划建设。就规划方案来看,台湾“自由经济示范区”以“六海一空一农技区”为升级试点,采取“前店后厂”模式,发挥其“境内关外”的核心作用,以“五大中心”架构为基础,以高端服务业和加值型加工产业为重点,凸显“自由化”、“示范性”,有助于推动台湾经济转型升级,提升台湾经济自由化与国际化水平,但对台湾部分产业也将造成冲击。与此同时,由于产业开放和对大陆政策松绑的保守性,台湾“自由经济示范区”成效有限。台湾当局只有扩大“自由经济示范区”产业开放领域、拓展区划范围及功能,对大陆实施更加开放、自由和便利的政策,才有望达成“自由经济示范区”的预期目标,进而有助于深化两岸经济合作。