试论抵押权的证券化

我国立法尚未对抵押权证券化做出具体规定,抵押权证券化即是将抵押权制成抵押证券,使之可以发行流通转让,具有投资融资抵押功能。抵押权证券化是德国物权法上一项很有特色的制度。我国抵押权证券化的制度可以抵押权具有流通性、民事权利证券化是经济社会的必然为理论基础和抵押权证券化中的六对关系为具体制度设计来构建     

信贷资产证券化法律关系构建的目标与原则分析

信贷资产证券化在我国尚属于创新的融资方式,其法律本质是债权在摆脱特定的身份色彩过程中,具有流通性的证券与作为信用担保的信贷资产的结合。在这一操作过程中,存在着一系列的法律风险。为了有效地规避风险,增强参与者的信心,信贷资产证券化的法律关系体系,要力图构建出风险隔离机制以实现融资的效率性与安全性的目标。在这一过程中,还要分析具体的法律关系,找出"利弊"之所在,并对权益易受侵害的主体给予特别保护,同时加强法律本身的可操作性。     

从气候变化到气候安全：国家的安全化行为研究

安全化是非传统安全问题形成的必经过程。在非安全领域的问题能够造成(潜在)威胁并已成为国际社会重要议程的前提下,国家所处的安全环境、本国独立维护安全能力所受威胁的认知以及国家与该问题起源地之间的地理距离,是决定该国是否将该问题安全化的主要因素。其中,国家有关自身独立维护安全能力所受威胁的认知是核心因素。英美两国在气候变化安全化上的行为表明:若某非安全领域问题具有全球性,那么国家与该问题起源地之间的距离可以等同于零。在这种情况下,如果国家安全环境受到较大威胁,那么国家认为其独立维护安全的能力也受到较大威胁,本国将该问题安全化的可能性增大。如果国家安全环境受到威胁较小,这将出现两种情况:第一,若国家认为其独立维护安全的能力未受较大威胁,那么本国将该问题安全化的可能性小。第二,若国家认为其独立维护安全的能力受到较大威胁,那么本国将该问题安全化的可能性大。为了限制国家在安全化行为上的反复变化给全球气候治理造成的障碍,联合国可以通过发挥集体安全机制的作用促使气候变化"集体安全化"。     

Climate Change and the US Security Sector: the Securitization of Climate Change

This preliminary study traces how climate change came to be viewed as a security issue in the United States through a review of policy documents and reports prepared for and by the US security sector. The paper draws upon the ideas of constructivist schools of security studies to provide an analytical framework for understanding the meaning of the securitization process as it has occurred in the United States. It then refl ects upon the adequacy of those frameworks to interpret the securitization of climate change. In the US, new knowledge of the phenomenon of climate change was fi rst constructed in the research sector, in the fi elds of meteorology and atmospheric science. Environmental and Earth sciences then became a locus of research, and climate change fi rst entered security discourse as a topic of environmental protection. As the implications of climate change and its potential impact on water resources, food production, diseases, infrastructure, and human migration came to the attention of the security sector, this knowledge stimulated an internal discourse, where each new document functioned both as a new securitization statement and as a policy response to prior documents in a chain of discourse. Actors in this securitization process included not only “speakers” making a securitization claim (knowledge claim) and “audiences” that accept or reject a claim. Importantly, it also included actors who were instrumental in translating knowledge between research and security sectors. This brief consideration suggests that social science theories that center on practice are more robust than those that center on discourse for interpreting the securitization of climate change. Improved analytic frameworks need to better account for actors whose role is to transfer and translate knowledge from one sector to another.     

对高校公益型学生社团建设的思考

除了政府和企业外,社会还需要公益型社团发挥“润滑剂”作用。志愿者以某种方式帮助别人而不领取报酬,这是和谐社会下和谐的人际关系的体现。让更多的公益活动融入学生社团中,组成公益型学生社团,育人效果良好。通过“五制并举”——理念指导机制、制度管理机制、开拓资源机制、激励机制和宣传机制——构建高校学生社团公益活动长效机制。     

Cooperation in EU disaster response and security provision: circulating practices

There is a profound disconnect between the practice and scholarly study of security in Europe. The 2010 Internal Security Strategy added disasters such as forest fires, earthquakes, and floods to the list of European Union (EU) internal security concerns, expanding on the more traditional anxieties over militaries, border protection, and the effects of poverty. This article explores how evolving practices of disaster response, a policy area once separate from EU security discourse, have become part of the EU's wider security provision and with what implications. Based on interviews conducted at the Directorate-General (DG) for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO), it provides a detailed study of three EU disaster response practices – monitoring, training, and information co-ordinating – and their circulation to the wider field of EU internal security provision. It uses this case to outline that new understandings of what it means to “voluntarily co-operate” in European security projects have been radically under-theorized.     

The Threat of the Thief: Who Has Normative Influence in Georgian Society?

This piece gives an account of the Georgian government's recent attempts to crackdown on the institution of thieves-in-law [vory-v-zakone] within Georgian society. The events surrounding the problematisation of the thieves-in-law are examined and different answers are offered to the underlying question of the article: what threat does this subversive group pose to the government? It is argued that the vory do not represent a potential criminal revolution but are victims of a resurgent state producing a politics of law that seeks to stamp out subverting influences within society. The thieves' world represents an alternative moral order which is attractive in a country which suffers from acute alienated statehood. Thus the fight against the vory should be understood as a battle to win back the hearts of the Georgian people for the state and for the law.     

ASEAN and the securitization of transnational crime in Southeast Asia

This article studies the securitization of transnational crime by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1996–97. It first introduces transnational crime as a criminal matter before positioning it within the international security debate through an elaboration of the Copenhagen School and its securitization theory. It then examines whether transnational crime has been articulated in security terms in the ASEAN rhetoric. The article demonstrates that the member states have made statements in which they make claims about security in the context of crime. Yet, there is little evidence that this has encouraged regional policy-makers to adopt common security responses. ASEAN has failed to implement joint actions due to domestic circumstances but also because of its own consensus model and resistance to institutional reforms. Finally, the article suggests that the problem of transnational crime could be dealt with more effectively if it was approached primarily as a criminal matter rather than as a security issue.     

Sub-prime mortgage lending: a cultural economy

Abstract

Developing cultural economists’ concerns with the assembly of agency in financial markets, agency in sub-prime mortgage lending in the United States is shown to have been made up through calculative devices of risk. Credit reporting and scoring provided for the targeting, sorting, pricing and governing of customers in terms of risk. The securitization of mortgages into risk-structured financial instruments made possible extended lending. Interest-only adjustable rate mortgage products called up mortgagors who, as leveraged investors, embraced risk in a rising property market. The current sub-prime mortgage crisis is understood in critical terms as a moment when the contradictions of these risk devices and their incapacity to capture the uncertain future have come to the surface, and agency in sub-prime lending has been disassembled. Cultural economy is thus shown to make a distinctive contribution to the politicization of sub-prime that stresses the ambiguous politics of calculation.     

援助安全：一个基于援助载体的新议题

对外援助是国际政治学与国际政治经济学研究中的重要议题。一方面,作为一种由援助国提供的特殊性国际公共物品,它是全球治理和国际发展领域的重要变量;另一方面,作为国家的一种对外政策工具,对外援助在国际竞争舞台上发挥着战略性功能。在国际政治中,有志于发展的对外援助都与安全问题息息相关。援助与安全之间的联结经历了从一般关联到深入互嵌再到"安全化"的演变历程,安全思维越来越多地影响对外援助过程,冲击着连接援助国和受援国的援助资源载体。面对嵌入对外援助过程的"安全化"趋势,通过聚焦援助与安全之间的复杂关系和发展趋势,试图诉诸安全视角来审视援助载体,并因此提出了"援助安全"概念框架。该框架致力于从国际结构转型、援助国和受援国关系及相关国家国内政治等不同角度探寻援助过程中财力资源、人力资源与制度资源分别面临的多元安全威胁和风险来源。援助安全可以从技术条件性、透明性、实施预算管理、提供援助安保人员训练和改革全球援助体系等举措得以保障。