压力循环技术用于人指甲DNA提取及方法学评价

目的将压力循环技术（PCT）用于指甲DNA提取,并对方法学进行评价。方法收集10份人指甲样本,剪碎约为1mm×1mm大小,采用10%漂白粉水,10%SDS,10%漂白粉水,无菌水清洗样本。10份样本各分成两组,1组用压力循环技术处理,另1组不作处理,提取DNA经复合扩增并进行STR分型检测,用于评价压力循环技术的作用。取5份指甲样本用血浸泡,5份用去离子水浸泡,之后采用上述清洗方法各清洗1-3次,收集各次清洗用的无菌水提取DNA,经STR分型检测,用于评价清洗对去除外源性DNA的效果。结果 10份经压力循环技术处理的样本中有7例比相应未经处理样本DNA提取量更高,但两组进行统计学处理,差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组样本中提取DNA含量在0.026 ng以上的样本均得到完整的STR分型,与相应口腔拭子样本对照准确无误。血污染和非血污染样本清洗二次以上,均可避免外源性DNA的污染。结论使用压力循环技术并配合本文清洗方法,可有效提高人指甲DNA的提取效率,并避免外源性生物DNA的干扰,保证DNA分型结果的准确。     

大鼠死后肝细胞核DNA的组织化学定量研究

推断死亡时间是法医学尸体检验须解决的重要问题之一。本实验用显微分光光度计定量测定了不同环境温度下（１０℃、２０℃、３０℃）大鼠死后不同时间肝细胞核ＤＮＡ平均含量，发现１０℃、２０℃、３０℃下大鼠死后肝细胞核ＤＮＡ含量与死亡时间呈负线性相关，其相关系数分别为—０．９９０５、—０．９８６３、—０．９７０２，且随环境温度升高ＤＮＡ含量的下降速度明显加快。作者认为ＤＮＡ组织化学定量技术可望成为推断死亡时间的新方法。     

China's policies towards arms control and disarmament: From passive responding to active leading

This paper reviews the evolution of China's policies towards arms control and disarmament in the past four decades. In so doing it analyzes the major factors shaping policy development, highlights the new challenges that China now confronts in arms control and disarmament and advances a new agenda for China in the contemporary context.     

African agency and global orders: the demanding case of nuclear arms control

Abstract

How much agency do African states have to shape global orders? This study puts the global nuclear order under scrutiny to answer this question. It amounts to a demanding case. Arms control is something that global great powers take very seriously, and there is no weapons category that they take more seriously than nuclear weapons. My findings provide a nuanced picture. Although often outflanked and frustrated by nuclear weapon states, the nuclear order would look different without African actors exerting their agency. They successfully shaped background and foreground institutions constituting the global nuclear order by building advocacies for new institutions upon already existing ones, reaching out to state and non-state actors outside of Africa, and channelling communication through African states with authority in global fora. This study makes three contributions: First, it underlines the key finding of recent literature on African agency that African actors are more to be reckoned with than often assumed. Second, it provides novel evidence about the diplomatic mechanisms through which they come to make a difference. Third, it adds to our grasp of the constitution of global orders as well as the processes through which they come to be made, re-made and unmade more generally.     

Minimally invasive postmortem telebiopsy

For the past 10 years, medical imaging techniques have been increasingly applied to forensic investigations. To obtain histological and toxicological information, tissue and liquid samples are required. In this article, we describe the development of a low-cost, secure, and reliable approach for a telematic add-on for remotely planning biopsies on the Virtobot robotic system. Data sets are encrypted and submitted over the Internet. A plugin for the OsiriX medical image viewer allows for remote planning of needle trajectories that are used for needle placement. The application of teleradiological methods to image-guided biopsy in the forensic setting has the potential to reduce costs and, in conjunction with a mobile computer tomographic scanner, allows for tissue sampling in a mass casualty situation involving nuclear, biological, or chemical agents, in a manner that minimizes the risk to involved staff.     

Accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography of the jaws for comparative forensic identification: a preliminary study

Conventional computed tomography is an emerging modality in forensic identification but is not sufficiently accurate for use in dental identification primarily because of problems with metallic dental restoration-induced streak artifact. In this study, the accuracy and reliability of recording forensic information from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the jaws when compared to conventional panoramic radiographs has been analyzed under experimental conditions. Information could be recorded with near-perfect repeatability and reproducibility. Information could also be recorded accurately, the sensitivity being 96.6% (95% CI, 95.1-98.1) and specificity being 98.4% (95% CI, 96.2-100). The metal dental restoration-induced streak artifact was at a level that permitted, in most cases, accurate observations. This is considered an important step in validating CBCT as a tool in comparative dental identification of bodies. It may have a role in mass fatalities and in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents, but further studies are required to assess the feasibility of this.     

The Characterization of 3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC)

Analogs and derivatives of traditional illicit drugs are ever increasing in variety and creativity. Staying abreast of the new developments is a constant challenge for every forensic laboratory. Recently, a seizure from Australian Customs Service presented our laboratory with the designer cathinone 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry were employed to analyze the spectroscopic characteristics of this cathinone. As an analog, 3,4-DMMC exhibits similar if not identical IR and UV profiles to mephedrone (4-MMC) and methcathinone; however, the retention time from GC is unique as expected, and the electron impact fragmentation pattern is consistent with the fragmentation pattern of other cathinones. The chemical shifts of the carbons and hydrogens were assigned by both one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, while the molecular weight was confirmed by LC/MS.     

日本强震及核危机对全球经济的影响

地震、海啸、核安全问题接连发生,日本正在经历史上罕见的“大创伤”。强震、海啸、核危机对日本经济的负面冲击明显大于阪神地震。日本地震后的灾后重建与阪神地震时的财政环境明显不同,地震提高了日本政府的违约风险和隐含的主权债务风险。但对世界经济整体而言,日本大地震不会影响全球经济复苏的步伐。虽然全球股市企稳回升,但“核阴云”笼罩亚太、大宗商品呈现先抑后扬的态势,加之受利比亚战争及发达国家的量化宽松货币政策等外围因素影响,日本大地震使全球金融市场未来面临诸多不确定性。日本地震对中国经济影响有限,灾后重建对中国出口及产业发展带来有利契机。     

跨界损害责任的认定——以日本向海洋排放核污水为视角

跨界损害责任作为国际责任制度的重要内容,逐渐成为联合国国际法委员会以及各国关注的热点问题。文章通过日本地震后向太平洋排放核污水事件,结合跨界损害责任的法理基础,对该行为进行认定,并指明日本应当承担的相应的损害赔偿责任。     

论转化型抢劫罪的几个问题

转化型抢劫罪可以分为消极转化型抢劫罪和积极转化型抢劫罪。消极转化型抢劫罪以携带凶器为先行行为,以抢夺行为为后续行为。携带凶器包括显露携带和暗藏携带。积极转化型抢劫罪以盗窃罪、诈骗罪、抢夺罪为先行行为,但立法和司法解释不统一。先行盗窃行为发生在户内,后续暴力行为发生在户外,不应认定为入户抢劫。转化型抢劫罪的既遂与未遂标准应与典型抢劫罪的标准保持一致。