Seeking Domestic Approval: Determinants of Ratification Duration in International Trade

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have proliferated rapidly since the early 1990s. The ratification of these agreements matters both economically by rendering commitments legally enforceable for outward‐oriented industries and politically by revealing the domestic‐ and international‐level factors which delay or accelerate the entry into force of a PTA. This research note investigates the institutional design and domestic political determinants of the ratification duration for 270 PTAs concluded in the post‐1990 period. The Weibull survival analysis yields two main results: First, neither domestic political constraints measured through veto players nor PTA depth affect ratification spells. Second, ratification processes become more protracted in the presence of stringent formal domestic ratification requirements as well as with a higher number of partner states. These findings suggest that trade negotiators factor in the shadow of ratification in the bargaining phase but still remain subject to formal ratification hurdles and PTA membership dynamics.     

论《劳动合同法》中的“劳动基准”

我国现行《劳动合同法》中包含了大量背离普通民事法律规则的劳动关系强行运行规则,但这些规则仍属于私法领域,与公法属性的劳动基准存在本质差别。由公权保障实施,是劳动基准的特征之一。将过多的单位义务纳入劳动监察的保障实施范围,分散了劳动基准的公权保护力度,因此,不宜将现行劳动监察事项作为劳动基准的判断依据。对劳动合同书面形式、二倍工资、经济补偿金、用工档案等具体制度规则的分析表明,我国《劳动合同法》中的大量强行规则并非劳动基准。虽然《劳动合同法》与劳动基准关系密切,但其中真正涉及劳动基准的规定并不多,仅在非典型劳动关系调整中略有提及,因此,制定单独的《劳动基准法》,仍有很大的制度空间。     

制约还是促进？ —— 多学科视角对深化和拓展劳动关系研究的影响探讨

当前劳动关系研究面临发展困境,分散的多学科研究状态引发学者反思。反思的重点在于劳动关系研究领域能否构建整合式研究范式以及多学科研究视角对进一步发展劳动关系研究的影响。研究发现:劳动关系的多学科研究状态对劳动关系研究的兴起、发展具有重要意义,所谓的整合式研究范式不适宜劳动关系研究领域;劳动关系的多学科研究视角能够为解释、解决现实劳动与雇佣关系问题提供多样化的思路和多种规制方案,有助于劳动关系研究不断取得新的发展。     

Intergovernmental relations on immigrant integration in multi-level states. A comparative assessment

ABSTRACT

The study of intergovernmental relations (IGR) is a classical research area in scholarship on federalism and territorial politics. However, it has largely ignored the relatively new, and recently decentralized area of immigrant integration. The aim of this Special Issue is twofold. First, it aims to analyse how governments in multi-level states coordinate on immigrant integration. Second, it wishes to explain the dynamics that shape the features of intergovernmental relations. In doing so, we focus on four multi-level states; two of which are federal (Belgium and Canada) and two that are decentralized (Italy and Spain). Whilst we engage with the established literature on intergovernmental relations to formulate hypotheses about the nature and dynamics of intergovernmental relations, we also formulate less explored hypotheses. Our overarching argument is that the scholarship on IGR benefits from in-depth comparative case studies comparing IGR not just across countries, but also across policy areas and over time.     

China's Mode for Compiling an Environmental Code…

Basic law + separate laws and codification are the two modes countries worldwide adopted for enacting environmental legislation in line with their national circumstances and legal traditions. Following the goal of establishing a modern environmental governance system, the mode moderate codification should be China's choice for compiling an environmental code. Moderate codification is a dynamic and open substantive code-compiling mode. Based on idea changes and method innovations, it builds a basic logic system with the goal value as the core and the tool value as the technical method. An environmental code following the moderate codification mode can use the structure of General—Specifics. The General Part extracts common factors and elaborates the legislative purposes, basic principles, management rules and lead measures that dominate the overall situations and are universally applicable. Then each Specific Part (they form Specifics) compiles and integrates the relevant prevailing laws and regulations, and further regulate environmental factors. Therefore, the cornerstone concept of eco-environment should be defined and the environmental legal relationships should be clarified. Environmental code derives from dual source-of-law and considers sustainable development as its value goal, takes the eco-environment as its cornerstone concept, and regards the legal relationship as its systematic tool for constructing its framework system.     

国际比较产业关系治理指标体系构建 ——基于利益相关者的视角

在全球化时代，传统的比较产业关系理论面临难以解释现实中劳动关系的困境，许多学者尝试 突破原有理论在研究边界上的局限，从不同的角度进行创新。本研究基于利益相关者视角的产业关系分析框架， 构建出一个结构相对完整、可用于各国比较的综合性产业关系治理指标体系，用于计算一个国家或地区的产业 关系治理指数，进而评价不同国家或地区产业关系的治理状况。研究构建的这一指标体系关注包括本国政府、 外国政府、本国工会、全球工会、国际劳工组织、领导企业和非政府组织在内的参与全球劳动治理的 7 个主要 行为主体，并根据不同主体对劳动力市场进行规制的手段和方式，共设置了 7 个一级指标、19 个二级指标和 70 个三级指标。     

村寨经济体系下和谐劳动关系的政策构建与操作实务 —— 以贵州乡村地区为例

基于战略劳动关系管理的理论框架与构建和谐劳动关系的价值导向,聚焦以中国贵州乡村地区(特别是民族村寨地区)本地产业发展中所呈现的劳动关系问题。在"村寨经济"这一全新的产业分析框架下,提出村寨经济劳动关系中的传统价值因素。这些传统价值因素不仅使村寨经济劳动关系不同于经典劳动关系,也不同于农民工、农村用工的概念范畴,即便与以非标准与灵活就业为特点的、互联网共享经济时代下的新用工理念也并不契合,而需要一套全新的分析框架与实务规范。研究结合贵州乡村地区企业案例,认为村寨经济企业要发展必须尊重并容纳这些传统价值因素,并据此提出在村寨经济的发展中构建和谐劳动关系的政策建议与操作实务。     

新时代我国和谐劳动关系构建的政治经济学分析

劳动关系是社会和谐发展的风向标，构建和谐劳动关系是中国特色社会主义事业的重要组成部分。 本研究从马克思关于劳动关系的一般论述中汲取理论支撑，从我国劳动关系演进的制度化与常态化进程中借鉴 有益经验，为构建新时代中国特色和谐劳动关系提供参考。研究认为，当前人民日益增长的美好生活需要对我 国劳动关系的构建提出了更高更全面的要求,但是我国劳动力的供给状况和新型就业形态的涌现给劳动关系治 理带来了_定的挑战，劳动关系主体地位失衡以及劳动关系协调机制不健全等问题在一定程度上制约了和谐劳 动关系构建的进程。研究建议，构建中国特色和谐劳动关系，应始终坚持劳动者的主体地位，大力激发公有制 经济活力，发挥政府主导作用，加强新时代工会组织建设。     

两岸关系和平发展重要思想初探

两岸关系进入和平发展阶段，虽尚处于初级阶段，但其发展的难以逆转趋势已成为普遍的共识。尽管如此，由于海峡两岸历经冲突、对峙、隔绝乃至有外力介入的长期历史，未来的两岸关系仍有可能出现曲折、复杂的态势。当此之时，加深对两岸关系和平发展重要思想形成的背景、理论意义认识并清醒地面对有可能出现的种种挑战，有助于巩固两岸关系和平发展局面并推动其深入发展。     

Swiss Environmental Foreign Policy and Sustainable Development

This paper provides a narrative account of the Swiss environmental foreign policymaking process by former Swiss government officials and links their observations to relevant foreign policy and international relations theories. It provides background information on the broader context for sustainable development contained in the new Swiss Federal Constitution and suggests how realigning government, economy and society on the new Federal Constitution can help to promote sustainable development domestically and through multi­lateral channels.