Small arm transfers and state complicity in international law： Challenging the limitations

Small arms have been frequently used in perpetration of human rights violations, and thus need to be subjected to legal scrutiny. This piece attempts to contribute this aim by making a legal analysis of the issue of state complicity in arm transfers. Drawing a frame of applicable laws, it highlights the importance of Article 16 of the ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility where the notion of complicity in international law is typically designed. Moreover, this piece finds the scope of protection provided within this Article limited, and contends that the boundaries of liability for complicit acts must take into account the contemporary political, social, and economic settings for a wider understanding of complicity.     

刑法第397条规定的罪名应为四个

本文认为 ,我国刑法第 397条规定的罪名应为四个 ,而不是二个或三个 ,从理论上澄清这一问题 ,有利于改变目前有关司法解释的分歧后致司法实践上的消极影响的现状。     

公平责任、损失分担与民法典的科学性——《民法典》第1186条之“来龙”与“去脉”

《民法典》第1186条对原《侵权责任法》第24条作出重大修正,将"可以根据实际情况"修正为"依照法律的规定",从而完全改变了公平分担损失规则的适用机理。立法者作出此项修正之目的,在于进一步明确公平分担损失规则的适用范围,统一裁判尺度,避免法官的自由裁量尺度过宽等弊端。为此,在司法适用中有必要对"法律的规定"之文义予以目的性限缩,即其仅指《民法典》或其他法律中有关公平分担损失的具体规定或特别规定,而不包括其中的原则性规定,尤其是不应包括内容抽象、空洞的"公平原则"。侵权法有其自身的原理和逻辑,其并非解决受害人救济问题的"灵丹妙药"。妥善解决受害人保护和损失分担问题的根本途径,在于建立和完善多元化的受害人救济体系。     

商标法第十五条的价值定位与适用规则研究

作为保护未注册商标、打击恶意抢注的重要条款,我国《商标法》第15条规制的是具有代理、代表等特定关系的商标抢注行为。从价值定位来看,其是商标法调整不同情形的抢注行为的重要一环,该定位决定了其适用范围应与其他条款相协调,从体系化的角度防止适用边界的重叠。从规范设计来看,第15条第1款和第2款分别调整不同的特定关系,分别具有着不同的适用要求与法律效力。从具体适用来看,争议较大的是对特定关系的认定、对在先使用的判断,一方面,实践中的特定关系往往牵连着复杂的关系链条,这需要对所涉及的关系进行实质性把握,另一方面,面对第15条可能沦为一些竞争者打击竞争对手的工具的现象,这需要审慎地对在先使用与在先权利的归属进行实质性判断。面对第15条在理解和适用上的模糊与争议,有必要回归其规范目的和价值定位予以体系化考虑,以正确界定其适用边界,合理把握其适用要件,恰当发挥其应有作用。     

A Behavioural Understanding of Privacy and its Implications for Privacy Law

This article draws upon social interaction theory (the work of Irwin Altman) to develop a theory of the right to privacy, which reflects the way that privacy is experienced. This theory states that the right to privacy is a right to respect for barriers, and that an invasion of privacy occurs when a privacy barrier is penetrated. The first part of the paper establishes the position of the author's theory in the existing scholarship. The second part of the paper expands upon the theory to explain the nature of privacy barriers and the way that the author's theory manages a number of specific privacy issues, including threats to privacy, attempted invasions of privacy, unforeseeable interferences with privacy and waiving the right to privacy. The final part of the paper demonstrates the impact that this approach to privacy could have upon judicial reasoning, in particular Article 8 European Convention on Human Rights.     

入世议定书第15条对中美贸易影响研究

入世议定书第15条明确了中国作为非市场经济国家的最长年限为15年。目前,美国仍然制定国内法来确定市场经济国家的标准,导致中国企业在反倾销案中处于不利地位。应当在理解其签订的背景下正确对待,美国近期承认中国为市场经济国家的可能性较小,因而要据法力争以减弱因非市场经济地位引发的贸易摩擦和不利影响。     

The human right to marry: a refugee’s perspective

In the European Court of Human Rights cases of Muñoz Díaz v Spain in 2009 (Muñoz Díaz v Spain [2009], Application No. 49151/07) and Serife Yigit v Turkey in 2010 (Serife Yegit [2010], Application No. 3976/05), involving unregistered/informal ‘marriages’ of a Roma couple and a Muslim couple, respectively, the Grand Chamber took the position that civil marriages are available to all people in the state without distinction and therefore no breach of Article 12’s right to marry (nor Article 14’s prohibition of discrimination) had occurred when the respective states failed to recognise the informal marriages of the applicants. This article considers these two cases, and asks whether the court’s position is challenged by migrants/refugees, whose access to formal marriages maybe impeded due to a lack of identity and status documentation.     

O'Keeffe v Ireland: The Liability of States for Failure to Provide an Effective System for the Detection and Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse in Education

In O'Keeffe v Ireland, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights found that Ireland failed to protect the applicant from sexual abuse suffered as a child in an Irish National School in 1973 and violated her rights under Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment) and Article 13 (right to an effective remedy) of the European Convention on Human Rights. This note argues that the decision is important in expanding the Court's jurisprudence regarding positive obligations under Article 3 to child sexual abuse in a non‐state setting where there was no knowledge of a ‘real and immediate’ risk to the applicant. It also argues that the case raises concerns about the Court's methodology for the historical application of the Convention and about the interaction of Article 3 positive obligations with vicarious liability in common law tort regimes.     

正当利益条款的中国法构造——基于《民法典》第998条

正当利益条款为纷繁复杂的价值及利益冲突留下必要的缓和空间,这对数字经济的发展尤为重要。通过构建"抖音案"的请求权规范链条可以发现,《民法典》及《个人信息保护法》关于个人信息处理行为的合法性基础的直接规定难以容纳个体性商业利益,有必要确立正当利益条款。作为对侵害非物质性人格权责任认定的一般规定,《民法典》第998条与正当利益条款在功能上具有一致性,而且在内容上互为补充,由此即可形成我国的正当利益条款。落实到个案裁判,应区分价值及利益冲突与具体考量因素两个层次,并注重二者之间的密切联系,通过权衡方法达致更为合乎理性的结论。借此,不仅能重构和修正"抖音案"的裁判理由,而且能完整呈现正当利益条款的中国法构造。     

《刑法》第406条中的有关问题探讨

对《刑法》第406条的罪名如何表述,最高人民法院和最高人民检察院关于罪名的司法解释存在分歧意见,相比较而言,最高人民检察院的观点具有科学性和合理性。另外,对该罪的理解,还必须认真分析其犯罪构成,以免与他罪相混淆。