对搜查的几点认识

搜查权的一个重要特征就是具有很大的强制性,其主体是侦查人员。搜查要持搜查证才能进行,除非在紧急情况下。搜查的种类包括嫌疑人的人身、物品和住处。搜查必须严格按法定程序进行。     

根据足迹掌宽值推断体重公式的修正计算

目的为提高实战中对留痕人体重推断的准确率;方法根据足迹长宽的比值更能准确地反映人的胖瘦这一规律,提出修正计算公式m=2.5M/R进行初步实验检验;结果该方法是对原根据足迹掌宽值推断留痕人体重公式的补充,对偏离标准体态的人,用该公式修正使足迹掌宽值与体重的关系有了较为准确的反映。     

利用赤足外缘长推算身高

利用赤足足迹分析身高在案件侦破工作中具有较为重要的价值。赤足外缘长与足长存在着一元线性回归关系 ,据此可由赤足外缘长推算足长 ,进而推算留痕人的身高。     

Coping with lengthy ballots

Given voters' limited cognitive abilities, the learning environments voters face may have implications for how voters learn and make decisions. One prominent feature of American elections is the variation in the length of the ballot across jurisdictions and elections. This paper explores the consequences of lengthy ballots on the ability of voters to learn about candidates. Using an experimental design and a dynamic information board (Lau and Redlawsk, 2006), subjects participate in a mock election where they are asked to gather information about a single election or multiple elections. The results indicate that while voters compare more information as ballot length increases, they spend significantly less time learning about individual pieces of candidate information.     

Detection and visualization of human tears using alternate light sources for forensic purposes

The current scientific techniques for locating body fluids focus on quick and effective methodologies for easy and reliable identification. Efficient detection and identification of body fluids play a vital role in establishing the ‘corpus delecti’ of a crime. Non-destructive techniques such as the use of Alternate Light Sources (ALS) have been exploited for crime scene searches over large areas and detection of body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva on a range of substrates. Tears are rarely found but can be considered as potential body fluid evidence due to their unique biochemical and molecular properties. Tears are secreted in response to physical or emotional stimuli. Due to the small volume of secretions, they are often overlooked in the crime scene. Tears may be found on surfaces such as clothing, bedding, tissue, handkerchief, or balaclava. The use of ALS to locate tears on tissue paper and fabric surfaces was tested which were not apparent to the naked eye. Tears stains were successfully detected on surfaces of forensic interest with varying sample ages up to three months with a broad excitation spectrum between 254 nm and 410 nm. Dried stains on tissue paper and fabric substrates were better detected with sharp margins, clear stain pattern visibility, and fluorescence intensity in comparison with moist and fresh stains. Tears stains can hence be detected with the use of ALS and suitable filter combinations under normal conditions and do not require any specific settings to locate them. These findings are suggestive for easy and quick identification of tears on large surfaces and as a presumptive test for forensic casework evidence examination.     

IMPRISONMENT LENGTH AND POST‐PRISON EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS

This study considers the relationship between imprisonment length and employment outcomes. The data are a unique prospective, longitudinal study of Dutch pretrial detainees (N = 702). All subjects thus experience prison confinement of varying lengths, although the durations are relatively short (mean = 3.8 months; median = 3.1 months). This contrasts with prior research that was limited to the study of American prison sentences spanning an average of 2 years. These data thus fill a gap in the empirical base concerning short‐term confinement, which is the norm in the United States (e.g., jail incarceration) and other Western countries. Using a comprehensive array of pre‐prison covariates, a propensity score methodology is used to examine the dose–response relationship between imprisonment length and a variety of employment outcomes. The results indicate that, among prison lengths less than 6 months in duration, longer confinement is largely uncorrelated with employment. In contrast, among spells in excess of 6 months, longer imprisonment length seems to worsen employment prospects.     

Long Bone (Humerus,Femur, Tibia) Measuring Procedure in Cadavers

In this work, we present a measuring methodology for long bones of the limbs (humerus, femur, and tibia) of human corpses. Measurements of cadaveric height and long bone lengths were conducted on 72 corpses (20 females and 52 males) from the School of Medicine at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Additionally, these measurements were compared with those taken from dry bones of a subsample of individuals. Our results show marginal differences (TEM% = 0.59) between cadaveric and dry bone measurements, resulting from different osteometric technical procedures. This note outlines the measuring methodology, which will be subsequently used to create regression formulas for stature estimation.     

Seasonal Variation of Carcass Decomposition and Gravesoil Chemistry in a Cold (Dfa) Climate

It is well known that temperature significantly affects corpse decomposition. Yet relatively few taphonomy studies investigate the effects of seasonality on decomposition. Here, we propose the use of the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification system and describe the decomposition of swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) carcasses during the summer and winter near Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Decomposition was scored, and gravesoil chemistry (total carbon, total nitrogen, ninhydrin‐reactive nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, and soil pH) was assessed. Gross carcass decomposition in summer was three to seven times greater than in winter. Initial significant changes in gravesoil chemistry occurred following approximately 320 accumulated degree days, regardless of season. Furthermore, significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed between ammonium and pH (positive correlation) and between nitrate and pH (negative correlation). We hope that future decomposition studies employ the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification system to understand the seasonality of corpse decomposition, to validate taphonomic methods, and to facilitate cross‐climate comparisons of carcass decomposition.     

Accuracy of developing tooth length as an estimate of age in human skeletal remains: the deciduous dentition

Dental age assessments are widely used to estimate age of immature skeletal remains. Most methods have relied on fractional stages of tooth emergence and formation, particularly of the permanent dentition, for predicting the age of infants and very young children. In this study, the accuracy of regression equations of developing deciduous tooth length for age estimation (Liversidge et al.) is tested on a sample of 30 Portuguese subadult skeletons of known age at death. Overall the method shows high accuracy and the average difference between estimated and chronological age is between 0.20 and -0.14 years when using single teeth, and 0.06 years, when using all available teeth. However, there is a tendency for the deciduous molars to provide overestimates of chronological age. Results show that age estimates can be obtained within +/-0.10 years with a 95% confidence interval when several teeth are used. Overall between-tooth agreement in age estimates decreases with increasing age but there is less variability of estimates with more teeth contributing to overall mean age. One seemingly limitation of this method may be the fact that it was developed by combining the maxillary and mandibular teeth. The other is related to the accuracy with which radiographic tooth length can be used as a valid surrogate for actual tooth length. Nevertheless, the advantages of this metric method surpass the limitations of chronologies based on stages of dental development.