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With prisons in the UK reaching full capacity, and with similar trends in other European countries and the USA, there is much political debate about the efficacy of prison and community sentences. This paper aims to inform this debate by testing the hypothesis that prisons are an effective and efficient way of reducing re-offending. A rapid review of effectiveness studies was performed to determine the relative impact of prison and community sentences on re-offending. An economic analysis was undertaken to transform the estimates of effect into estimates of the economic efficiency of alternative sentencing options in the context of the UK. When compared with standard prison sentences, a number of community-based interventions and enhancements of standard prison sentences were found to save money, both for the public sector and for society more broadly. Diverting adult offenders from standard prison sentences to alternative interventions saves the UK public sector between ￡19,000 and ￡88,000 per offender. When victim costs are considered, diverting offenders from standard prison sentences saves UK society between ￡17,500 and ￡203,000 per offender. It was concluded that standard prison sentences are not an economically efficient means for reducing re-offending.
Kevin Marsh Kevin Marsh is head of economics at The Matrix Knowledge Group (TMKG), London. He completed his Ph.D. in Economics at the University of Bath, UK, specialising in monetary techniques for valuing environmental resources. Following a year at the Social Disadvantage Research Centre, Oxford University, Kevin joined TMKG in 2003. His research interests include the economic evaluation of public policy, in particular criminal justice and public health interventions. Chris Fox Chris Fox is a Principal Lecturer in Criminology at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. He specialises in evaluations of social policy, with a particular focus on criminal justice and crime reduction. He is Joint Editor of Safer Communities, a journal for crime reduction and community justice practitioners. He is a trustee of Community Service Volunteers (CSV), the UK's largest volunteering and training organisation. 相似文献
| Kevin MarshEmail: |
Kevin Marsh Kevin Marsh is head of economics at The Matrix Knowledge Group (TMKG), London. He completed his Ph.D. in Economics at the University of Bath, UK, specialising in monetary techniques for valuing environmental resources. Following a year at the Social Disadvantage Research Centre, Oxford University, Kevin joined TMKG in 2003. His research interests include the economic evaluation of public policy, in particular criminal justice and public health interventions. Chris Fox Chris Fox is a Principal Lecturer in Criminology at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. He specialises in evaluations of social policy, with a particular focus on criminal justice and crime reduction. He is Joint Editor of Safer Communities, a journal for crime reduction and community justice practitioners. He is a trustee of Community Service Volunteers (CSV), the UK's largest volunteering and training organisation. 相似文献
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目的研究图形翻转视觉诱发电位(PRVEP)P100波空间频率阈值在不同眼损伤情况下预估视力的价值,以期指导相关法医临床学鉴定。方法选取诊断明确、主观视力准确,另眼矫正视力基本正常(≥4.9)的法医学鉴定案例74例,共148眼别。分为4组:屈光间质混浊组(23眼别)、视网膜病变组(31眼别)、视神经病变组(20眼别)、健眼正常对照组(74眼别)。对上述案例进行图形翻转视觉诱发电位检查,记录P100空间频率阈值,并对空间频率阈值与视力的对数值,两者进行线性相关分析。结果184眼PRVEP空间频率阈值与视力的对数值之间呈显著的正相关(r=0.84,P<0.01),说明PRVEP P100空间频率阈值是客观评定视力的良好指标。但不同部位病变或损伤对PRVEP检测结果的影响不同,视神经病变组PRVEP空间频率阈值与主观视力两者间无统计学相关性(r=0.4,P>0.05)。结论PRVEP P100空间频率阈值是客观评定视力水平的良好手段,但不适用于严重的视神经病变等伴有视野显著缺损时的视力评定。 相似文献
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中国刑事强制措施制度的改革与完善 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
为了适应社会转型时期的客观需要 ,解决司法实践中存在的问题 ,缩小与联合国刑事司法准则的差距 ,我国应当对包括逮捕、监视居住等在内的强制措施制度进行改革 ,对超期羁押进行制度性的防治 ,协调行政措施与强制措施之间的关系。 相似文献
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In 2013, Minnesota's Fourth Judicial District was one of four courts in the country selected by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women to receive a Family Court Enhancement Project (FCEP) grant, a multiyear demonstration initiative designed to build the capacity of court systems and partner stakeholders to improve child custody decision making in cases involving domestic violence. The FCEP enabled the project sites to explore, implement, and assess new and innovative court and noncourt procedures and practices. This article is an exploration of the outcomes of this project. 相似文献
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Elyse Sheehan 《Family Court Review》2019,57(1):121-135
False claims of child sexual abuse negatively affect the accused parent and the child. Such false claims can be used to sway custody determinations and cause frivolous applications to the court. This Note proposes that courts impose sanctions, comparable to those set forth in Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, on litigants who make false claims of child sexual abuse. 相似文献
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There is an emerging view that the term “high conflict” oversimplifies the nature of destructive family dynamics, especially with respect to the small but resource‐intensive group of separated parents who remain deeply enmeshed in legal battles and parental acrimony. In this Article we propose that interparental hatred may be a key relationship dynamic driving the behavior of some in this group. We suggest a distinction between two types of interparental hatred: one that arises from responses to separation‐related stresses (reactive hatred) and the other (entrenched hatred) that is indicative of more embedded, dysfunctional interpersonal dynamics and/or personality structures. While reactive hatred is typically time limited and amenable to professional intervention, entrenched hatred tends to overwhelm rationally informed attempts to mediate, negotiate, or even adhere to orders regarding suitable parenting arrangements. We contend that while effective intervention in these cases requires all the generic skills and responses necessary for dealing with highly conflicted disputes, it is also important to name and appropriately challenge interparental hatred when it is detected. 相似文献
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Solangel Maldonado 《Family Court Review》2017,55(2):213-242
This essay examines the role of racial, ethnic, and cultural bias in custody cases. It analyzes cases where the court explicitly considered the parents’ racial, ethnic, or cultural background and cases where the court did not acknowledge these factors but where it is clear from the court's opinion that biases influenced its decision. It then briefly describes the literature on implicit bias to demonstrate how biases may influence the assessments of custody evaluators, lawyers, and judges despite best efforts to make fair and impartial decisions. Drawing on studies suggesting that individuals can reduce their implicit biases and their effects on decision making, the essay explores individual strategies and institutional reforms to address bias in custody disputes. 相似文献
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羁押是法院作出生效有罪判决之前剥夺人身自由最严重的措施,关涉犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的基本权利,且与无罪推定原则存在高度紧张关系。因此,世界各国和地区大都对羁押采取严格的程序控制。羁押审查方式是羁押审查程序的基本构成要素。域外一般都采取听审或者讯问的方式进行羁押审查。我国的羁押审查采取何种形式,法律没有明确规定。最高人民检察院要求检察机关审查批准逮捕应当讯问嫌疑人,并听取辩护人的意见,但缺少诉讼化的程序保障,实践中难以切实维护犯罪嫌疑人的合法权益,保证羁押决定的程序公正。因此,应当借鉴域外的立法经验,结合我国的实际情况,从立法上明确我国的羁押审查应采取不公开的听审方式,并建立审查机关、申请机关和嫌疑人及其辩护人三方参与的羁押审查程序。 相似文献