论恢复原状独立性之否定——兼及我国民事责任体系之重构

恢复原状的各项具体功能在民法中可由绝对权请求权、不当得到返还和损害赔偿请求权共同承载,将恢复原状作为一种独立的民事责任承担方式的主张不能成立。民事责任归属于债的范畴,并以强制执行力为根本,区别于绝对权请求权;损害赔偿应成为民事责任体系的惟一方式,相应地,我国未来民法典只能保留恢复原状作为制度机能而不是手段来指导整个民事救济体系。     

《商标法》第44条第1款评注

经过历次修正,《商标法》第44条第1款从原来的绝对理由和相对理由混合规定转变为现在的单纯绝对理由条款。本文首先分析了该条款的法律适用的各个方面。其次,对其中“不正当手段”规定,结合实践提出,应坚持其绝对理由条款的性质,无需过多地关注商标是否实际使用,而应注重其不正当的意图和行为,应区分转让人与受让人的不同情况以确定是否适用“不正当手段”规定。最后,对2019年修正《商标法》第4条与“不正当手段”规定在法律适用中的冲突进行了研究,建议将对大量抢注和囤积注册行为适用第4条的规定,将“不正当手段”规定作为绝对理由的兜底条款,将诚实信用原则作为相对理由的兜底条款,使商标授权确权法律规则体系更加完善。     

Comparison of the M-Vac® Wet-Vacuum-Based Collection Method to a Wet-Swabbing Method for DNA Recovery on Diluted Bloodstained Substrates*†‡

A wet-vacuum-based collection method with the M-Vac^® was compared to a wet-swabbing collection method by examining the recovery of diluted blood on 22 substrates of varying porosity. The wet-vacuum method yielded more total nuclear DNA than wet-swabbing on 18 porous substrates, recovering on average 12 times more DNA. However, both methods yielded comparable amounts of total DNA on two porous and two nonporous substrates. In no instance did wet-swabbing significantly recover more DNA. The wet-vacuum method also successfully collected additional DNA on previously swabbed substrates. Mitochondrial DNA yields were assessed, and outcomes were generally similar to the nuclear DNA outcomes described above. Results demonstrate that wet-vacuuming may serve as an alternative collection method to swabbing on difficult porous substrates and could potentially recover additional DNA on previously swabbed substrates. However, swabbing remains the preferred collection method on substrates with visible stains and/or nonporous surfaces for reasons of convenience, simplicity, and lower cost relative to the wet-vacuum method.     

Quantification of the amphetamine content in seized street samples by Raman spectroscopy

A Raman spectroscopy method for determining the drug content of street samples of amphetamine was developed by dissolving samples in an acidic solution containing an internal standard (sodium dihydrogen phosphate). The Raman spectra of the samples were measured with a CDD-Raman spectrometer. Two Raman quantification methods were used: (1) relative peak heights of characteristic signals of the amphetamine and the internal standard; and (2) multivariate calibration by partial least squares (PLS) based on second derivative of the spectra. For the determination of the peak height ratio, the spectra were baseline corrected and the peak height ratio (h(amphetamine at 994 cm(-1) )/h(internal standard at 880 cm(-1) )) was calculated. For the PLS analysis, the wave number interval of 1300-630 cm(-1) (348 data points) was chosen. No manual baseline correction was performed, but the spectra were differentiated twice to obtain their second derivatives, which were further analyzed. The Raman results were well in line with validated reference LC results when the Raman samples were analyzed within 2 h after dissolution. The present results clearly show that Raman spectroscopy is a good tool for rapid (acquisition time 1 min) and accurate quantitative analysis of street samples that contain illicit drugs and unknown adulterants and impurities.     

从欧盟制宪看国家主权的"可分性"

在全球化的背景下,对国家主权的绝对性提出了挑战,传统的国家主权概念也逐渐发展为相对国家主权。《欧盟宪法条约》的制定过程和内容,既体现出主权“可分性”,又体现出主权可分的有限性,即《条约》各成员国对某些主权的让渡必须是以强调国家主权为基石的。     

自首从宽处罚原则简论

自首从宽处罚是自首制度赖以存在的关键,当今世界各国(地区)大多在其有关自首制度的刑法规定中采纳了从宽处罚的原则。但理论界在从宽处罚的根据方面的认识并不一致;而且,对自首是采取绝对从宽原则还是相对从宽原则,世界各国(地区)也存在着不同的立法例。虽然我国现行刑法主要采用了相对从宽原则,但绝对从宽原则对我国刑法仍有重要意义。     

对马克思绝对地租理论的改进——兼谈劳动价值论的创新

研究马克思的绝对地租理论,必须联系和创新劳动价值论。要提高农业剩余,必须加大农业创新力度,提高农业资本的有机构成。     

作为认识论和方法论的现象学

胡塞尔改造了传统的认识论,建立了现象学的认识论。现象学不是从主观成见出发,而是从事实出发,让对象自己显现的一种认识论方法。如何从意识、语言等主观世界走向世界的本体,这是海德格尔的问题;人为什么是自由的以及人为什么要承担责任,这是萨特的问题。在扩大的意义上,黑格尔和马克思都是现象学家。     

坚持党对军队的绝对领导是中国历史和现实的必然选择

历史证明,不仅西方的民主制度在中国行不通,西方的军事领导制度在中国也行不通。与中国革命的领导权向无产阶级政党转移相适应,建立无产阶级自己的武装力量,实现党对军队的绝对领导,既是中国旧民主主义革命向新民主主义转变的要求,也是中国近代以来军事领导制度发展的必然归宿。中国共产党对军队绝对领导原则的确立,实现了军队由个人掌控向政治组织掌握的历史性飞跃,这是中国军队领导制度的历史性进步,从根本上保证了我军的性质和宗旨,保证了部队的高度集中统一。坚持党对军队的绝对领导,是我国实现社会主义现代化和国家长治久安的重要保证。     

China Stands Firm on Air Defense Identii cation Zone

正CHINA’s Defense Ministry announced the establishment of the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) on November 23, 2013:Aircraft in the area must report their flight plans to Chinese authorities.Despite this practice being nothing new internationally, justified by international norms as a precaution to safeguard national airspace, it has still been met with strong protests from the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Australia.