What does it mean to suffer loss? Haxton v Philips Electronics

In Haxton v Philips Electronics the Court of Appeal considered whether a widow could recover the diminution in value of her dependency claim following the defendant's tortious reduction of her life expectancy. The note outlines the development of the common law, demonstrating that Haxton is novel but not unorthodox, and tests whether Haxton's principles can provide a sound foundation for future cases. Positing three hypothetical scenarios, it argues that the disparity in outcome, rather than indicating a lack of unifying principle, as was suggested in Jobling v Associated Dairies, may be explained by combining Austin's division between primary and secondary rights with Gardner and Stevens' contributions as to how they are protected. Restitutio in integrum requires consideration of the reasons and values underlying the right in question and these are discernible in the jurisprudence. The note also considers whether Haxton could have been decided on the basis that a defendant should not profit from its own wrongdoing.     

‘Factual causation’ and ‘scope of liability’: What's the difference?

According to a dominant view, for the negligent defendant to be held liable for the plaintiff's harm the plaintiff must establish first, that the breach was the ‘factual cause’ of the harm, and second, that the harm is within the ‘scope of liability’. On this view, factual causation is purely factual, while scope of liability is normative and non‐causal. This article accepts the basic two‐step approach, but argues that the distinction is overstated. A close analysis of the principles shows that factual causation may require value judgment, and that scope of liability often involves an assessment of the strength and nature of the causal connection between breach and harm.     

帮助犯的因果关系

从不同的共犯处罚根据学说的立场出发,对帮助犯的因果性问题会有不同认识。但是,站在修正引起说的立场上,可以得出要求共犯行为也必须与通过正犯行为引起的法益侵害结果之间的因果关系的结论。在具体判断共犯行为与犯罪结果之间的因果关系时,要特别注意存在心理的因果性的情况。     

论船舶碰撞损害赔偿中的责任比例认定

在分析、比较英美法系、大陆法系因果关系理论的基础上,提出在船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任比例认定过程中,可采用＂两分法＂,即首先运用＂相当因果关系理论＂认定事实上的因果关系,即认定船舶从相遇到碰撞发生的整个过程中的过失行为对碰撞事故发生及碰撞损害后果的作用力的大小;然后采用＂直接结果理论＂和＂可预见理论＂认定船舶过失行为与损害后果之间的法律上的因果关系,而法律推定因果关系方法则不应当适用。     

Network strategies of nineteenth century Hesse-Cassel emigrants

Between 1820 and 1930 over 5 million Germans emigrated to overseas destinations, most to the U.S. By the 1850s the number of German migrants living in the U.S. was large, a consequence partly of cumulative causation. I provide evidence for the dramatic increase in networks by using micro-level data for the German principality of Hesse-Cassel in the mid-nineteenth century. A conservative measurement of network relationships finds that after 25 years almost half of them were related to a previous family member from the same village. Migrants who used family networks tended to move in small units. Usually only a few years separated networked family members, but some links lasted over a decade. Women were unlikely to start a network but more likely than men to travel to the U.S. Within some families, migrants switched from continental destinations to the U.S., perhaps due to the failure of the 1848 March Revolution.     

客观归责理论对台湾地区实务判断因果关系的影响——以台湾地区"最高法院"96年台上字第5992号判决为例

客观归责理论形成于德国。1990年代初,台湾地区刑法学界开始介绍客观归责理论,虽然未必成为主流,但在刑法学的研究上引起很大的重视。相对于此,台湾地区司法实务由于长期受相当因果关系的影响,客观归责理论的运用则是近十年来的事,且是从各级法院的第一审开始。台湾地区“最高法院”96年台上字第5992号判决突破相当因果关系说的束缚,大胆采用客观归责理论,可以说具有划时代的意义。一个法律学说从外国引进,能否在本土生根,是测试这个外国学说是否良好的指标。台湾地区“最高法院”虽然已经接受客观归责理论,但是否可能取代相当因果关系说而成为实务的主流,还需要后续的观察。     

论醉酒人犯罪的刑事责任

醉酒分为生理醉酒、复杂性醉酒和病理性醉酒三大类。其中 ,只有生理醉酒的人为完全责任能力之人。原因中的自由行为是 (生理 )醉酒人犯罪负刑事责任根据的有力学说。行为人对醉酒的不同心态 ,也是考察生理醉酒中行为人醉酒后犯罪的刑事责任时 ,需要考虑的重要因素。     

Nationality swapping in the Olympic field: towards the marketization of citizenship?

Nationality swapping in sports is commonly assumed to be a rapidly expanding practice that is indicative of the marketization of citizenship. Sports are said to have become wholesale markets in which talent is being traded for citizenship. In this article, we seek to empirically explore such claims by analysing 167 athletes who have competed for two different countries in the Summer Olympic Games. It seems that most switches occurred after the 1990s. Then, following a citizenship as a claims-making approach, we introduce the work of Bourdieu so as to connect citizenship as both legal status and practice with normative claims. The analysis reveals that the practice of nationality switching is shaped by structural conditions of the Olympic field. First, a complex realm of citizenship laws and regulations produces conditions under which athletes make legitimate claims to citizenship. Second, through a mechanism of reverberative causation, prior migrations are often echoed in contemporary nationality swapping . Only a limited number of athletes acquired citizenship via the explicit market principle we call jus talenti. Claiming that instrumental nationality swapping is indicative of the marketization of citizenship obscures the complex interplay between structures of and practices within the Olympic field.     

《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》研制的基本思路

对《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》研究和制定过程中有关问题的思考进行了全面、系统的总结，包括标准制定的基本原则、基本结构、主要内容以及重点关注的几个问题。重点介绍了标准制定的基本原则，即充分体现标准的法律性和适用性、系统性和完整性、科学性和先进性、客观性和实用性以及符合性和关联性。简要介绍了标准的基本结构和主要内容，即损伤程度的分级以颅脑、脊髓、头面、颈、胸、腹、盆、脊柱、四肢、体表等解剖部位，并按重伤一级、重伤二级、轻伤一级、轻伤二级和轻微伤为序罗列出人体组织结构破坏和功能障碍损伤程度鉴定的具体条款，并以附录的形式规定组织器官功能障碍的评定技术和方法。并对标准关注的几个主要问题，如伤病关系、医疗干预、内源性疾病、多部位同性质损伤等处理原则进行了深入的讨论．对于法医临床鉴定人及有关法律工作者进一步学习和理解标准，具有重要的现实意义和指导意义。     

转型时期大学生弱势群体成因研究

该文指出,大学生弱势群体是随着中国社会转型和高等教育环境变化而出现的一个特殊群体,近年来大学生弱势群体问题日益凸显,成为影响社会稳定和高等教育事业健康发展的一个潜在的不利因素,引起了社会的广泛关注。从理论上研究其形成原因,有利于提出具有操作性的解决方案,对促进新时期大学生的全面发展具有十分重要的现实意义。