我国NGO参与社会福利为何困难重重——体制层面的分析

对于当今中国公众而言，NGO一词并不陌生。改革开放以来的三十余年中，我国各类NGO活跃在社会福利、公共服务、慈善事业等领域，成为社会福利社会化过程中的重要参与主体，也成了社会公众和媒体关注的焦点。然而，同国外相比，我国的NGO发展尚不成熟，其赖以生存制度环境依旧不稳定。我国NGO管理体制上的瓶颈在很大程度上限制了我国NGO的进一步发展。主要从体制层面分析我国NGO参与社会福利过程中的阻力，并寻求解决途径。     

“幼态持续”及其人文意蕴

幼态持续学说向我们揭示:人是"永恒的儿童";童年是潜在适应的"贮藏室";发育缓慢是人类个体童年的特征;发育缓慢使人类大受其益;等等。幼态持续学说在人文学科上最直接的贡献是它的儿童观意蕴。它也使儿童本位观念和童心主义哲学获得了生物学、进化论等自然科学方面有力的支持支援支撑。幼态持续学说对童年的发现,对于改变以童年为敌的社会现实具有重要意义,对于小觑童年、毁坏童年、急匆匆将儿童赶往成年世界的想法和做法,是一剂解药。     

完善军官福利保障法制的构想

现行军官福利保障制度存在制定明显滞后、效力不强、运行缺乏控制等问题,主要原因是重视政策、忽视法律的传统观念的影响,对和平时期军人社会保障立法问题重视不够,研究甚少.军官福利保障法制的完善,要依据党中央、中央军委关于加强军队质量建设的精神,遵循与国家经济改革和发展相适应、学习借鉴外军的有益经验和军官福利待遇从优的原则,通过建立健全法律保障体系和强有力的法律适用及监督机构,依法保证军官福利待遇的有效实现.     

INTERNATIONAL PARENTAL CHILD ABDUCTION: WHY WE NEED TO EXPAND CUSTODY RIGHTS PROTECTED UNDER THE CHILD ABDUCTION CONVENTION

The Child Abduction Convention, an international treaty, protects custody rights internationally among its member states by providing a remedy of return in cases where a child was wrongfully removed in violation of a parent's custody right. There is no such remedy for the violation of a parent's access (or visitation) rights. A ne exeat clause in a child custody agreement restrains a custodial parent from removing a child from a predetermined jurisdiction (such as a particular country) and can be issued when there is a risk that the custodial parent might flee to another country with the child(ren). Currently there is a circuit split within the United States as to whether a ne exeat right coupled with the right of access should equal a protected custody right under the Convention. Most international courts protect the ne exeat right under the Convention; however some do not. A ne exeat right should convey a protected custody right for policy reasons. The beneficial implications of a ne exeat right creating a protected custody right under the Child Abduction Convention clearly outweigh the detriments. While there is no instant solution to the inconsistencies among various courts in interpreting the Child Abduction Conventions’ scope in regard to a ne exeat right, there are ways to resolve the problem. If consistency in judicial interpretation cannot be achieved, a movement needs to be initiated to create a protocol to the Child Abduction Convention to further explain the scope of custody rights and ne exeat rights under the Convention.     

关于制定我国《动物福利法》的思考

在倡导人与动物和谐共处的当今社会，许多国家颁布了动物福利法。西方发达国家关于动物福利法的理论和实践已经日趋成熟。目前我国动物福利状况不容乐观，国民的动物保护意识比较淡薄，虐待动物的事件时有发生。而且我国动物保护法体系存在不少缺陷，动物福利立法仍处于空白状态。中国成为WTO成员国后，动物福利问题很可能成为新的贸易壁垒。因此我们应当在充分考虑本国实际情况的基础上，大胆吸收和借鉴国外先进的立法经验，适时制定一部富有时代特色和民族精神的《动物福利法》。这样不但能提高国民保护环境和爱护动物的意识，而且能为我国经济、社会的可持续发展注入新的动力，以适应全球环境保护发展趋势的要求。     

略论社会福利服务组织建构的社区价值观

改革开放将我国导入了经济转执、社会转型、政治转制、文化转向的新的历史发展时期。在机遇和挑战面前，社会福利服务组织建构的安身立命之地，源头活水之泉只能在社区，舍此别无他途。这是因为：社区为社会福利服务组织的建构提供了广阔的场域价值、丰富的资源价值和灵活的沟通价值。确立社区价值观，是各级政府、社会团体和社区居民在社会福利服务组织建构中的一种理性思维、一种创新思维、一种引发丰硕成果的科学思维。     

Sex differences in the experience of child sexual victimization

This study analyzed 390 (303 girls and 87 boys) cases of child sexual abuse to understand sex differences in child sexual victimization. Analyses focused on three domains that have received considerable empirical attention: victims' relationships with the offender, type and extent of abuse, and disclosure. Findings largely replicated previous efforts that reported sex differences in terms of victims' relationships with offenders. Although results also replicated previous findings about sex differences in disclosure patterns, these sex differences were minor in comparison with similarities in the way most instances of abuse were eventually identified. In terms of type and extent of abuse, results were the opposite of previous findings: girls, not boys, were the victims of more physical injury, violent threats, and use of force; and girls, not boys, were more likely to have physically resisted abuse. Divergences in findings were interpreted in terms of memory biases and social forces operating differently on the sexes.     

Linking marital violence,mother-child/father-child aggression,and child behavior problems

Previous research indicates that observation of marital violence has a deleterious impact on children's adjustment. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The present study examined the relationships between observation of marital violence, mother-child aggression, father-child aggression, and child behavior problems in a sample of 185 children (ages 7 to 13) and their mothers who were residing at battered women shelters. A significant positive association was found between amount of marital violence witnessed and father-child aggression. However, the correlation between the amount of marital violence witnessed and mother-child aggression was not significant. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that both the amount of marital violence witnessed as well as mother-child aggression were significantly related to child behavior problems, even when controlling for the effects of child age, race, and father status (i.e., whether the mother's partner was the biological father or stepfather/cohabitee). Family violence variables were better predictors of girls' rather than boys' behavior problems, particularly externalizing behavior problem scores. The lack of significance between father-child aggression and child behavior problems, as well as the implications of the findings, are discussed.     

FATHERS AND CHILD ABUSE ALLEGATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF PARENTAL SEPARATION AND DIVORCE

Fathers' role in child abuse in the context of parental separation and divorce has been the subject of continuous stereotyping over the last several decades. This article examines the stereotypes projected against current research, particularly findings from a study of an experimental family court program designed for the better management of residence and contact disputes where child abuse allegations had been made. These findings are discussed in regard to similar studies internationally. While the two prevailing but opposing stereotypes of fathers' role in child abuse in this context were not confirmed by the research, aspects of the stereotypes regarding fathers' views and mothers' views of each other were supported. Problems associated with the paradoxical position of fathers as the most frequently alleged perpetrators of abuse, the most frequently substantiated perpetrators, and also the most frequently unsubstantiated perpetrators tend not to be fully addressed by the current court process for these disputes.     

EXPENDITURES ON CHILDREN AND VISITATION TIME

In their critique, Garfinkel, McLanahan, and Wallerstein raise concerns about the representativeness of the authors' sample, benchmark approach methodology, and historical review of guidelines, all of which lead them to discount the evidence presented opposing the cliff-model assumption of father expenditures on children, and to laud instead child support guidelines that give little monetary credit or adjustment for visitation. This article presents evidence that (a) this sample is at most little biased, and remains trustworthy for the main implications presented; (b) although only a beginning, the benchmark approach is highly useful and most of the concerns raised about it are ill founded or implausible; and (c) the historical review suggesting that current guidelines assume zero visitation expenses is indeed accurate for the vast majority of states, according to the foremost authority. Thus, notwithstanding the critique, these findings have merit and importance and should be considered by policy makers. The authors also comment on the additional arguments against continuous and generous adjustments for visitation, finding them based on a weak foundation of evidence and reasoning.