“HU 理论”在工资集体谈判中的运用构想探析

工资集体谈判制度是职工工资的民主决策方式,也是工会保障职工经济权益的重要手段。作为当前以改善民生为重点的社会建设的一项战略性任务,工资集体谈判在具体的实践过程中起到了一定的积极作用,尤其是在保障职工最低工资等方面成效显著。由于当前工会方的经济非独立性,从而使谈判话语权较弱,以及企业和职工对经营成果分配的不满等,导致谈判质量较低,特别是职工工资增长的谈判不够理想,从而使利益分配成为工资集体谈判的关键点。为此,针对工资谈判中的利益分配问题,本研究试图设计一个既能够满足企业的利益需求,又能够维护职工的正常工资需求的"工资联合确定模式",即在工资谈判中运用"HU理论",进行操作,实现劳资双赢,从而化解工资集体谈判在实践中的实施难题。     

死亡的自我决定权与社会决定权——中日安乐死问题的比较研究

日本的安乐死研究重视患者的“自我决定权”，有轻视“经济负担”等外在社会利益因素的倾向。而我国恰恰与此相反，过于关注“社会医药资源的合理配置”等外在社会利益因素，缺乏对患者“自我决定权”这一内在因素的深入研究。其实，“自我决定”与“社会决定”分别是允许积极安乐死的必要条件而不是充分条件。用二选一的方法，舍弃其中的任何一个原理来建构安乐死合法论是行不通的。只有将“自我决定权”与“社会决定权”相结合，才能从刑法理论上顺利解决安乐死问题。只有当两者都符合时，积极安乐死才是合法的。     

高效液相色谱法-蒸发光散射检测器同时测定肝乐颗粒中黄芪甲苷和芍药苷的含量

目的 采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector, HPLC-ELSD)建立肝乐颗粒中黄芪甲苷和芍药苷的含量测定方法。方法 以水和甲醇分别为流动相A和流动相B,在Hypersil ODS XB-C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)上进行梯度洗脱。洗脱程序：0~5 min,A 60%;6~10 min,A 25%,11~18 min,A 10%;流速：1.2 mL/min;柱温：30 ℃。ELSD参数优化：增益值分别设为1、2、3;漂移管温度分别设为50、70、90、110 ℃;载气流量分别为1.2、1.6、2.0、2.4 L/min。结果 通过优化参数,在增益值为2,漂移管温度为90 ℃和载气流量为2.0 L/min时,对芍药苷和黄芪甲苷的含量检测结果最佳。芍药苷和黄芪甲苷的平均加样回收率分别为99.58%、100.37%,RSD分别为2.32%、1.21%。结论 该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,所优化的ELSD参数及建立的HPLC-ELSD法适合肝乐颗粒中芍药苷和黄芪甲苷含量的同时测定。     

宣木瓜中重金属、农药残留及黄曲霉毒素的测定

目的考察宣木瓜药食安全性,为其质量控制提供依据。方法采用石墨炉原子光谱法、火焰原子光谱法以及原子荧光法,检测8批宣木瓜样品中铅、镉、铜、砷和汞的含量;采用气相色谱法检测相同样品中有机氯、菊酯类和有机磷农药残留;利用免疫亲和层析柱净化-超高效液相色谱法检测自然条件下贮藏1~2年的宣木瓜样品中黄曲霉毒素含量。结果采集的8批宣木瓜样品铅、镉、铜、砷和汞含量均未超出规定限量;有机氯、有机磷和除虫菊酯类农药残留量均在检测限以下,未能被检出;贮藏的6批宣木瓜样品黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1和G2总量均在检测限以下,未能被检出。结论来源于主产区的宣木瓜在重金属、农药残留及黄曲霉毒素的检查项目上均合格,呈现良好的药食安全性品质。     

Nonmetric sex determination from the distal and posterior humerus in black and white South Africans

The successful identification of human skeletal remains relies on proven diagnostic techniques for sex determination. This research utilized 608 individuals from South Africa (420 men, 188 women) to conduct a blind nonmetric determination of sex from three features of the distal humerus: olecranon fossa shape, angle of the medial epicondyle, and trochlear extension. A scoring system between males and females was implemented, and the aggregate score of the three features determined the estimated sex of the skeletal element in question. With all features combined, black and white South Africans were categorized successfully as either male or female 75.5% (77% accuracy rate for females, 74% accuracy rate for males). This classification rate is lower than what was found in previous studies, but suggests that characteristics of the distal humerus are still quite valuable when estimating skeletal sex. More research is needed to assess reasons for the differential expression of these traits in different populations and to determine whether the method is nonpopulation specific.     

Sex determination from hand and foot dimensions in a North Indian population

Hands and feet are often recovered from the site of natural as well as man-made disasters because of bomb blasts, train accidents, plane crashes, or mass homicides. This study is intended to establish standards for determination of sex from the dimensions of hands and feet in a North Indian population. The data for this study comprise 123 men and 123 women aged between 17 and 20 years from the "Rajput" population of Himachal Pradesh in North India. Four anthropometric measurements viz. hand length, hand breadth, foot length, and foot breadth have been taken on both sides of each subject following international anthropometric standards. The hand index (hand breadth/hand length × 100) and the foot index (foot breadth/foot length × 100) were calculated. Sectioning points and regression models are derived for the hand and foot dimensions and the derived indices. The hand and foot dimensions show a higher accuracy in sex determination by sectioning point analysis when compared to hand and foot index. Of the hand and the foot dimensions, hand breadth and foot breadth showed better accuracy in sex determination. Hand index and foot index remain poor sex discriminators in the study.     

利用右侧髋骨正位DR片判定贵州成人性别

目的建：抗利用成人右侧髋骨数字X线摄影DR片判定性别的厅法,并评价其应用价值。方法收集203例贵州地区成人右侧髋骨正位DR片,根据髋骨骨骼标本测量方法,结合DR片特点,选定9项测量指标（MI～M9）进行测量,运用SPSS统计软件分析测量数据,进行正态性检验、厅差齐性检验、T检验及秩合检验。结果剔除不符合条件的2项指标（M1、M7）,建立7项指标单项、7项指标联合使川以及3项指标（M2、M4、M9）逐步分析的判别方程,各方程判别函数回顾性与交叉性考核结果：单项指标59．6％～93．6％,7项联合和逐步分析均为95．1％。结论本文建立的利用成人右侧髋骨DR片判定性别的方法判别准确率最高达95．1％,町存实践中选用,并为相关研究提供数据参考。     

Sex Determination Using the Second Cervical Vertebra—A Test of the Method*

Abstract: Sex is one of the critical questions addressed when unidentified skeletal remains are discovered in forensic or archeological contexts. Continuous testing and re‐evaluation of existing techniques is essential to improve accuracy and precision. The Wescott (J Forensic Sci 2000; 45 (2):462–6) method of sex determination from dimensions of the second cervical vertebra was blind‐tested on 153 adult individuals from the Spitalfields documented collection of human skeletal remains held at the Natural History Museum, London. Significant sex differences were determined for all dimensions measured (independent two‐sample t‐test, p < 0.05–0.001). The discriminant functions developed by Wescott were shown to have an overall accuracy of classification of 76.99%. Using stepwise discriminant analysis, a discriminant function based on the Spitalfields data correctly classified sex in 83.3% of individuals and was able to classify males and females with equal accuracy. Additional discriminant functions are presented for use in instances where preservation of the second cervical vertebra is poor.     

信用评级机构的法律定位及其国际监管改革研究

信用评级机构是金融市场日益专业化过程中不可或缺的一员,通过其专业化的评价体系,对解决投资者和证券发行人之间的信息不对称问题发挥了很大的作用。但是,随着评级机构日益深入地参与到金融证券化的过程中,不可避免的利益冲突使其中立性、客观性等在一定程度上有所缺失。次贷危机发生后,对信用评级机构加强监管的呼声日益高涨,各国金融监管机构开始对信用评级机构进行全面的严格的监管,但是,由于评级业本身的自然垄断属性以及评级业务的专业性,使其定位上存在模糊之处。在分析信用评级机构存在的缺陷基础之上,对其法律定位进行探讨,并预测国际监管改革与合作的发展趋势是十分必要的。     

我国著作权集体管理组织许可使用费决定机制检讨与改革

有关集体管理组织许可使用费的决定及收取的关键不在于具体金额多寡,而在于程序的合理性和公正性。我国目前集体管理组织许可使用费决定机制忽视使用人知情参与权,而著作权主管机关审查又仅流于形式,而且有关许可使用费争议在当前法律机制下难以得到有效解决。由于版权的私权本质,有关版权许可费决定机制应当回归市场本位,由著作权集体管理组织与使用人自由磋商,同时为了制衡集体管理组织滥用优势地位的可能性,应当采取由主管机关设立专门的争议解决机制来处理双方之间的争议。