姜不同炮制品对苓甘五味姜辛汤4种成分含量的影响

目的 探明姜不同炮制品对苓甘五味姜辛汤指标成分含量的影响。方法 分别用生姜、干姜、炮姜配伍成苓甘五味（生）姜辛汤、苓甘五味（干）姜辛汤、苓甘五味（炮）姜辛汤各10批,采用超高效液相色谱法对其进行含量测定分析。色谱条件：Acquity BEH C18(2.1 mm×100 m,1.7 μm)色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸,梯度洗脱,流速0.2 mL/min;柱温30 ℃;检测波长280 nm。结果 姜不同炮制品组成的苓甘五味姜辛汤中甘草苷、甘草酸铵、6-姜酚、五味子醇甲4种成分的线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999 8;4种成分的平均加样回收率分别为98.01%、99.78%、96.69%和98.36%,RSD分别为2.15%、2.47%、2.79%和2.34%。结论 姜的不同炮制品对苓甘五味姜辛汤成分含量有不同程度的影响。     

Turkmenistan and the virtual politics of Eurasian energy: the case of the TAPI pipeline project

In December 2015, leaders from Central and South Asia took part in the ground-breaking ceremony for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) natural gas pipeline project. Sixteen months later, a confusing information flow continues to obfuscate external assessments of the project’s development: official rhetoric notwithstanding, there is no certainty on the details of project financing, while the pipeline route has yet to be determined. To illuminate this obscure implementation path, this article regards TAPI as a virtual pipeline, an infrastructure project that wields invaluable influence only when it is employed as a foreign policy tool or permeates domestic discourses of progress framed by the elites of the four consortium partners. The constituent elements of TAPI virtuality are discussed here through a dedicated focus on the process of energy policy-making of Turkmenistan – the sole supplier of gas for the pipeline project and the consortium’s key stakeholder.     

Characterization of Algerian-Seized Hashish Over Eight Years (2011–2018). Part II: Chemical Categorization

In Algeria, large quantities of hashish are seized every year. This study aimed to investigate the total content of major cannabinoids in the illicit seized hashish in Algeria over an 8-year period (2011–2018) in order to establish the chemical profile of North African hashish. A total of 3265 hashish samples were analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method, allowing the simultaneous quantification of both the acidic and the neutral forms of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). The results revealed a slight upward trend in the mean THC content, from 7.0% in 2011 to 9.4% in 2018, with an overall mean value of 8.4%. The overall means of CBD and CBN content were 3.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The number of high-potency hashish samples gradually increased to reach 6% in 2018. Two distinct hashish chemotypes were identified: the highly populated chemotype II, corresponding to the traditional medium-potency hashish ([THC + CBN]/CBD ~ 2.16), and chemotype I, containing hashish samples of relatively high THC levels and low levels of CBD (ratio ~ 4.90). Both chemotypes I and II were characterized in the ternary plot, and the proportions (THC:CBD:CBN) were about 85%:13%:2% and 60%:35%:5%, respectively.     

苏子降气汤辅助治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重69例临床观察

目的 观察苏子降气汤辅助治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，AECOPD）患者的临床疗效。方法 将138例AECOPD患者随机分为试验组和对照组，每组69例。对照组给予西医常规治疗，试验组在西医常规治疗基础上给予苏子降气汤治疗。观察两组治疗前后中医证候评分、肺功能［1秒用力呼气容积（forced expiratory volume in one second，FEV1），用力肺活量（forced vital capacity，FVC）及FEV1/FVC］、血气分析指标［动脉血氧饱和度（arterial oxygen saturation，SaO2）、动脉血氧分压（arterial PO2，PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（arterial PCO2，PaCO2）］、血清炎症因子［降钙素原（procalcitonin，PCT）、白细胞介素-38（interleukin，IL-38）及超敏C反应蛋白（hypersensitive C-reactive protein，hs-CRP）］和D-二聚体（D-Dimer，D-D）水平。结果 治疗后两组患者喘息、咳嗽、哮鸣、纳呆、咳痰及胸膈满闷评分均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）；FEV1、FVC及FEV1/FVC均较治疗前显著增加（P＜0.05）；SaO2、PaO2均显著升高（P＜0.05），PaCO2显著降低（P＜0.05）；PCT、IL-38、hs-CRP、D-D水平均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）。试验组咳嗽、纳呆、咳痰及胸膈满闷评分降低程度均显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）；FEV1、FVC及FEV1/FVC升高程度显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）；PaO2升高程度和PaCO2降低程度显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）；IL-38、hs-CRP水平降低程度均显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。试验组疗效优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 苏子降气汤治疗AECOPD可有效抑制PCT、IL-38、hs-CRP等炎症相关因子生成，降低D-D水平，改善患者肺功能、血气分析指标及中医证候评分。     

Fast Discrimination of Marijuana using Automated High-throughput Cannabis Sample Preparation and Analysis by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

In the United States, federal law and many state laws differentiate between marijuana and industrial hemp through delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels, whereby the latter is defined as ≤0.3 percent THC on a dry weight basis. Many traditional cannabis identification methods employed by crime laboratories cannot accurately determine total THC quantities in accordance with federal and state regulations, or do so with increased time, labor, and risks of instrument damage. In order to quickly distinguish positive marijuana samples, a method was developed to identify plant material with a total THC level >1%. This novel, automated dispersive pipette extraction (DPX) method uses tip-based technology and an automated liquid handler to enable fast, hands-free selective isolation of THC and its precursors for downstream gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The workflow proceeds with no repetitive manual effort and reduced need for instrument maintenance while enabling crime labs to legally identify marijuana through the detection of total THC above 1%. Recovery of THC using the DPX extraction method was 93% at 30 µg/mL and 78% at 500 µg/mL. Similarly, THCA-A recovery was 100% at 30 µg/mL and 74% at 500 µg/mL. Samples evaluated in a blind study (proficiency, hemp, and nonprobative case samples) were all accurately identified as greater than or less than 1% THC, with samples containing <1% THC being identified as “cannabis” and subjected to more discriminative analysis as needed.     

Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Amphetamines,Opiates, Ketamine,Cocaine and Metabolites in Human Hair: Application to Forensic Cases of Drug Abuse

A method using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to simultaneously quantify amphetamines, opiates, ketamine, cocaine, and metabolites in human hair is described. Hair samples (50 mg) were extracted with methanol utilizing cryogenic grinding. Calibration curves for all the analytes were established in the concentration range 0.05–10 ng/mg. The recoveries were above 72%, except for AMP at the limit of quantification (LOQ), which was 48%. The accuracies were within ±20% at the LOQ (0.05 ng/mg) and between −11% and 13.3% at 0.3 and 9.5 ng/mg, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions were within 19.6% and 19.8%, respectively. A proficiency test was applied to the validated method with z-scores within ±2, demonstrating the accuracy of the method for the determination of drugs of abuse in the hair of individuals suspected of abusing drugs. The hair concentration ranges, means, and medians are summarized for abused drugs in 158 authentic cases.     

气相色谱法测定白芥子挥发油中异硫氰酸烯丙酯的含量

目的 采用气相色谱法测定白芥子挥发油中异硫氰酸烯丙酯的含量。方法 采用水蒸气蒸馏法进行挥发油提取，通过气相色谱法测定异硫氰酸烯丙酯含量。色谱柱：RTX-5毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm×3.0 μm)；进样口温度：230 ℃；检测器温度：260 ℃；载气为高纯氮气, 流速为3 ml/min；进样方式为分流进样，分流比为10〖DK〗∶1；进样量：2 μl。结果 异硫氰酸烯丙酯在10～100 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 6）；平均回收率为97.64%（RSD=2.39%）。结论 本方法简单、灵敏、重复性好，可用于白芥子挥发油中异硫氰酸烯丙酯的含量测定。     

气相色谱法快速分析人血、尿中地芬尼多

目的建立人血、尿中地芬尼多的气相色谱快速分析方法。方法用氯仿提取血、尿中的地芬尼多,采用气相色谱法进行定性、定量分析。以正常人血浆、尿液为空白样本,分别添加标准地芬尼多及SKF525（内标物）对方法进行考察和优化,并对1例大剂量误服地芬尼多中毒者体液浓度进行快速测定和检测。结果所建方法分析血、尿中地芬尼多的线性范围均为5.0～200.0μg/mL;最低检测限均为1.0μg/mL（S/N≥3）;日内、日间精密度RSD≤5.6%（n=5）;回收率：血≤（106.23±2.05）%;尿≤（104.19±5.51）%。结论该分析方法操作便捷、实用,适用于地芬尼多的临床血药浓度快速监测和法医毒物鉴定。     

We demand work! ‘Dispossession’, patronage and village labour in Bibiyana,Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

This paper critically appraises the usefulness of idioms and theories of ‘dispossession’ to describe changes taking place in rural Bangladesh, where rapid industrialization and ‘development’ have led to profound shifts in the agrarian economy. On the basis of long-term fieldwork in north-eastern Bangladesh, where the multinational company Chevron operate a large gas field, I argue that rather than political and economic struggles in the area involving access to land, it is access to work which is now all important for livelihoods and, as such, has become the basis for local patronage and political power. Theories of ‘accumulation by dispossession’, still widely cited in the anthropology of neo-liberal development in South Asia, are thus of limited help in explaining the changes and continuities which animate local political and economic struggles.     

血液和尿液中多种头孢菌素的HPLC分析

目的 建立检测血液和尿液中头孢唑啉、头孢拉定、头孢哌酮和头孢噻肟的高效液相色谱法,并考察方法的适用性.方法 以乙酰苯胺为内标,血液和尿液用乙腈直接沉淀蛋白,采用Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq(250min×4.6mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相选用水(含0.12%三乙胺和0.12%乙酸)和乙腈的混合溶剂梯度洗脱,流速1 mL/min,检测波长254nm.结果 4种头孢菌素分离完全,工作曲线相关性均良好(r>0.9990),检出限为0.01μg/mL,回收率均不低于81.2%.结论 所建立的方法对血液和尿液中以上4种头孢菌素的检测快速、简便、准确,适用于实际检案中头孢菌素类药物的分析.