浅议刑事非法证据之证据能力

刑事非法证据之证据能力问题是刑事诉讼中最为复杂的问题之一,它体现了惩罚犯罪与保障人权的双重诉讼目的在此问题上的对立.随着人们对程序法独立价值认识的提高,世界各国更加重视对诉讼参与人的人权保障,建立全面的非法证据排除规则是诉讼民主发展的世界潮流.     

图书馆数字化建设中的非法软件问题研究

非法软件主要有两种界定方法，图书馆中的非法软件存在于业务自动化系统和数字化建设中，其类型涉及到系统软件和应用软件。非法软件存在的原因在于其获取的便捷性、正版软件市场定价过高以及重硬件轻软件思想的存在，其危害性主要体现在对图书馆地位和形象以及数字化系统安全性的影响。解决非法软件问题的最佳方法是政府加大打击非法软件的力度，以及图书馆因地制宜地选用不同类型的合法软件。     

非法出入境活动的现状、成因及对策

非法出入境是一种跨国性质的犯罪，近年来有愈演愈烈之势，并呈现出系统化、专业化的倾向。其形成的原因既有地缘及历史背景因素，又有经济利益的驱使；既受外国移民政策的影响，又受劳动力市场差异的冲击。因此，要有效治理出入境犯罪活动，必须加强国际间的合作，健全出入境管理制度，加大综合治理力度。     

论刑事诉讼中私人违法取证的效力

刑事诉讼中私人违法取证效力的处理是诉讼理论与实务中无法回避的问题。美国和德国刑事诉讼中私人违法取证效力不同处理，原因在于两国诉讼模式和人权保障理念上的差异。在我国，私人在刑事诉讼中应当有取证资格，对于私人严重违法取证应予排除，对于私人一般违法取证应由法官裁量排除。     

非法审讯:一个实证角度的研究——以S省为主要样板的分析

非法审讯的直接效果是获得犯罪嫌疑人对案件事实的承认,容易导致冤案的发生。侦查实践中,非法审讯经历了从肉体拷问到间接强制的发展历史,其存在依赖于特定的时间和空间条件,侦查机关的目标考核和较高的刑事拘留、逮捕的证明标准则为其体制根源与制度症结。以非法审讯的治理为目标,应对不同强制措施之下的审讯时空进行严格限制,降低逮捕证明标准,对侦查机关的目标考核制度进行结构性调整。     

论非法传销行为的司法定性与立法完善

最高人民法院以《批复》的形式将情节严重的非法传销行为定性为非法经营罪。但是该定性会使非法经营罪成为“口袋犯罪”。而且该定性不符合非法经营罪的本质特征,不符合罪刑相适应的基本要求,不能适应非法传销行为的演变趋势。对情节严重的非法传销行为应专门立法。     

ON THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF SELF‐REPORTED ILLEGAL EARNINGS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT*

The study of the monetary returns to criminal activity is a central component in many emerging areas of criminology, including rational choice and offender decision‐making, desistance, and criminal achievement. Scholars have been increasingly captivated with specification of the earnings function and with examining how variations in illegal earnings predict important outcomes such as persistence in offending. The potential utility of findings in related empirical studies hinges on the quality of the key measure, self‐reported illegal earnings. Yet to date scant attention has been paid by researchers to the measurement properties of this metric. We analyze self‐reported illegal earnings generated from a variety of instrumental crimes by using data from the Pathways to Desistance Study (n = 585) and the National Supported Work Project (n = 1,509), which are two longitudinal data sets of active offenders separated by more than 30 years. Findings based on analyses both within and between data sets reveal support for the internal consistency reliability and criterion validity of self‐reported illegal earnings. Moreover, the results reveal premiums in terms of higher earnings associated with different crime types, which are persistent both over time and across data sets. Implications and future directions for advancing the theoretical study of criminal achievement are also discussed.     

Debts and Threats: Managing Inability to Repay Credits in Illicit Drug Distribution

This study examines how creditors in illicit drug markets manage debtors’ inability to repay “fronted” drugs. Based on qualitative interviews with 40 incarcerated drug dealers in Norway, we explore four outcomes of unpaid drug debts. Two modes of governance dominated the credit reciprocation processes: Cooperative governance included strategies of accepting loss and refinancing debt and required mutual trust between creditor and debtor. Adversarial governance included extortion of debtors and revenge and was based on threats of violence. We found that creditors preferred refinancing debt or extorting debtors over accepting loss or using violence. We argue that the negotiated outcomes of drug debt have been neglected in research on drug markets, and explore how they require investment from the creditor, either in building trust or in deterring malfeasance through threats of violence. Using insights from economic sociology, the study highlights the importance of social control in illegal drug markets.     

关于处置湘西州非法集资群体性事件的做法与启示

群体性事件是我国当前社会稳定和治安稳定中影响较大、危害较强、破坏较为严重的治安事件。当前,非法集资群体性事件在湖南省湘西自治州呈现多发势头,不仅严重侵害广大人民群众特别是弱势群体的切身利益,引发大量不安定因素,而且严重危害社会经济秩序和国家经济安全。防范和打击非法集资违法犯罪,预防和处置非法集资群体性事件,是维护广大人民群体切身利益,落实科学发展观,构建社会主义和谐社会的重要举措。坚持在党委、政府的正确领导,精心组织,周密部署,积极应对,妥善处置,是公安机关在新的历史条件下面临的一个重大课题。     

程序性裁判的实施规则——以非法口供排除为例

程序性制裁的实现,有赖于程序性裁判的实施;而程序性裁判的实施,又有赖于相关程序及证明规则的完善。在我国,按照司法裁判的规律,建立和完善程序性裁判的实施规则,已成为一项十分紧迫的任务。它既是落实我国已有的非法言词证据排除规则的当务之急,也是建构我国程序性制裁制度的重要任务。