Impact of Political Risk on FDI Revisited—An Aggregate Firm-Level Analysis

Unlike previous studies on political risk and foreign direct investment (FDI) that used macro-level FDI data to test micro-level theories, I make use of aggregate data on U.S. firms' investment activities in 101 developing countries during the period 1997–2007 to reassess the propositions. Using a multilevel mixed-effects linear instrumental variable approach, I find that lower political risk is associated with (a) an increase in U.S. firms with equity stake of 51% and above, (b) a higher proportion of fixed assets, and (c) an increase in the return on investments, after controlling for a host of relevant factors. Further analysis reveals the relationship is also strong with respect to investments in total assets and sales. The results are robust to alternative data, instruments, and estimation techniques. These results bring to fore the multiple risk hedging strategies available for foreign firms operating in high risk environments.     

论网上证券委托错误的民事责任承担——以投资者利益保护为导向

当网上交易出现系统故障致使交易指令无法执行时,即发生网上证券委托错误,通常会引起利益纠纷,此时责任如何分担也就成为非常现实的问题。券商提供的符合现有法律的"在线交易协议书"和风险提示书存有大量的免责事由,而基于网络证券交易技术风险承担规则的考察则有缺乏正当化的依据。因此,要实现网上证券交易的持续发展,就必须建立合理有效的民事责任分担制度,同时引入网上证券交易保险机制。     

我国网络信贷风险规制法律问题研究

网络信贷正在日益改变金融资源循环的模式,并对正统金融配置失衡起着有力的抗衡与补正作用,但是网络自身的特点也加剧了这种资金供求链断裂的风险。同时,既有法律的禁止性或限制性规定,或规则本身的含糊不清也成为网贷一时尚难以跨越的障碍。系统地认知网贷风险,并以此为基础来决定法律应有的态度及划定网贷平台企业的业务边界是风险规制的关键所在。     

经典金融骗术之风险防范

金融服务很重要，金融服务须创新。金融服务创新，特别是金融法治服务创新，关键在于帮助“金融人”防范金融欺诈风险，而防范金融欺诈风险的关键又在于揭露经典金融骗术。经典金融骗术一般有“十二头”：金融来头诈骗、金融空头诈骗、金融改头诈骗、金融盼头诈骗、金融彩头诈骗、金融甜头诈骗、金融噱头诈骗、金融指头诈骗、金融撞头诈骗、金融搭头诈骗、金融磕头诈骗、金融床头诈骗等。经典金融诈骗之风险防范，可以围绕“六不”进行：不贪；不信；不傻；不独；不急；不弃。     

见义勇为高风险的化解

由于见义勇为不是公民的法定义务,过多地从道德上谴责"见义"而不敢"勇为"的人并不能收到良好的效果。有人用《好撒玛利亚人法》作为见死不救入罪的根据,其实是一种误读。道德的高尚性可以用"真、善、美"三个字来概括,"真、善、美"这三个字所表达的内涵是一致的,为善求美也要实事求是、量力而行。倡导在见义勇为时防范、降低风险,保护自身安全,无论对社会、对见义勇为者都具有重要意义。政府应当学会多层次聚焦见义勇为的正能量,见义勇为者也应当尽可能地减少风险。     

Risk Factors Associated with the Chronicity of High Potential for Child Abuse and Neglect

The present 4-year follow-up study involves 56 mothers who were evaluated by social agencies as being abusive and neglectful or at high risk for child abuse and neglect. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between psychosocial risk factors (relating to the history and current situation of the mothers) that were present at the time the families were initially recruited and the fact that some of the mothers continue to show a high potential for child abuse and neglect (chronic abuse and neglect), whereas others were able to overcome the problem (transitory abuse and neglect). Results indicate that the following variables are particularly associated with situations involving chronic problems of abuse and neglect: initial level of severity of potential for abuse and neglect; dual-parent status; a large number of children at the time of intervention (3.13 times more risk of chronicity for large families); the fact that as a child the mother herself had been placed in a foster home (3.7 times more risk); that she had been sexually abused (3.5 times more risk); and that as an adolescent she had run away from home (3.02 times more risk). Our results indicate that mothers who have a combination of more than eight risk factors are four times more likely to be in the chronic group.     

The Responsible Subject As Citizen: Criminal Law, Democracy And The Welfare State

This paper seeks to explain two problems posed by the history of criminal law doctrine by situating them in the context of the political sociology of citizenship. First, the paper outlines the logical connection between the rise to doctrinal orthodoxy of the idea of the responsible subject and the contemporaneous emergence of universal political citizenship. Secondly, it argues that subjectivist orthodoxy in doctrine may be reconciled with the apparently antithetical forms of regulatory strict liability law within the terms of 'modern democratic citizenship' as the latter were conceptualised by T. H. Marshall. Finally, by means of a comparison with Alan Brudner's recent philosophical rationalisation of the modern criminal law, it proposes that situating the criminal law in its environment of citizenship will help us to understand better the tensions that underlie contemporary challenges to its doctrine.     

虚拟经济的效应与风险分析

虚拟经济在我国社会主义市场经济条件下对经济发展的作用日益突出,但是人们对它却存在着不同程度的片面认识,随着我国经济体制改革的不断深入,我国社会主义市场经济体制的不断完善,正确认识和掌握虚拟经济的运动规律越来越显得重要,特别是它自身的虚拟性经常表现出来的两面性,对我国社会主义的现代化建设既有积极作用也有消极作用的问题,非常值得我们深入研究。     

THE IMPACT OF RACIALLY INCLUSIVE SCHOOLING ON ADULT INCARCERATION RATES AMONG U.S. COHORTS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WHITES SINCE 1930*

Despite the substantial body of research on the psychological and social effects of racial segregation in schools on African Americans, few studies have considered the possibility that more racially inclusive schools might reduce the risk of extremely negative adult life experiences such as incarceration. Yet such a connection is made plausible by research linking black racial isolation in schools to variables that are often associated with incarceration rates, including concentrated poverty, and low educational and occupational aspirations and attainment. In this paper, we apply methods first developed by labor economists to assess the impact of racial inclusiveness in schools on individual incarceration rates for 5‐year cohorts of African Americans and whites born since 1930. We find strong support for the conclusion that blacks educated in states where a higher proportion of their classmates were white experienced significantly lower incarceration rates as adults. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the effects of racial inclusiveness on black incarceration rates have grown stronger over time. These longitudinal effects are consistent with the argument that the educational climate of predominantly black schools has deteriorated in more recent decades.     

试论组织管理的风险及消除

组织目标在制定和执行的过程中,由于受各种因素的影响,往往就会出现这样或者那样的不确定性因素,这就是组织目标实施过程的风险,即:组织管理风险。组织管理过程的风险一般都具有长期性、突发性、广泛性和可解决性等特征。因此、组织活动的管理者,可以通过调查研究、科学预测、完善组织管理的监督机构、采用科学的决策方法、以及提高者自身素质等方面的措施,不断将组织管理过程中的风险减少到最小,甚至完全消除。