Prior Commitments: Compatible Interests versus Capabilities in Alliance Behavior

The rapid emergence of transnational networks in world politics calls for an analysis of their power dynamics. By combining the advocacy network literature and the two-level game theory in an innovative manner, this article provides a theoretical conceptualization of the interplay between intra- and inter-network interactions. It argues that the strength of a network as agent springs from its force as a structure. A network win-set is determined by its internal games, thereby affecting both its bargaining power and its chance to reach a consensual agreement with other networks. The issue of access to medicines is used as a factual background to illustrate how the flow of influence within networks affects influence among networks.     

Stealing into the wild: conservation science,plant breeding and the makings of new seed enclosures

Faced with pressing climatic changes, scientific and industrial interests are vying to develop crops that can survive drought, floods and shifting pest regimes. Increasingly, they look for solutions in an unlikely place: the gene pools of wild plants. Crop wild relatives (CWR) – species closely related to crops, including their ancestors – offer breeders the allure of retracing the domestication bottleneck, infusing genomes of modern crops with ‘lost’ genetic variety. Yet wild relatives also confront threats from climate change, urbanization and expansion of industrial agri-food. Thus, CWR, seen as both salvational and threatened, have become an international conservation and food-security priority. It is my contention that, in their common project to harness wild-relative potential, conservation and breeding science are co-evolving to extend seed commodity relations into new spheres. I examine enclosures along two fronts: first within ‘systematic CWR conservation’, where ‘in situ’ approaches, typically regarded as empowering and sustainable alternatives to ‘ex situ’, instead may support a complementary system of value extraction; second, in breeding and biotechnology research, which produces new value for CWR while profoundly shaping upstream conservation priorities. An important finding is that although today’s ‘ex situ-centric’ complementarity favors dispossession, an ‘in situ-centric’ approach could foster democratic renewal of biocultural diversity.     

我国知识产权行政救济的困境和出路

知识产权的行政救济是知识产权保护中一个重要内容，它可以保护权利人的合法权益免受权力滥用的侵害，防止和纠正违法或不当的行政行为，促进相关行政机关严格依法管理和执法。我国知识产权的行政救济还面临诸多困境，需要寻找新的出路。重视知识产权行政救济，有利于形成知识产权保护的完整制度。     

Innovation and Alliances

Explanations for national success in science and technology typically focus on domestic institutions and policies. However, that line of research has yet to identify any particular set of institutions or policies that explain variation in national innovation rates across cases or over time. This article offers new evidence that the problem with domestic institutions approaches stems from their failure to consider international security factors. Specifically, this article finds a positive effect for U.S. security alliances on innovation. This finding is robust across different specifications and periods of analysis. While countries that ally militarily with the United States are found to realize benefits in economy‐wide, indigenous innovation, such an effect is not observed in military technologies. This suggests that alliances may substitute for being on the frontier in military technologies. Therefore, this article contributes not just to debates over S&T competitiveness, but also to alliance formation.     

论国际法视野下中医药知识产权的保护

我们对于传统中医药知识产权的保护多从私权出发,从而忽视了国家在这一领域内应起的作用。本文试图说明国家在中医药知识产权国际保护中的地位应该得到加强,并且在不违背其所承担的国际义务的前提下,可以通过强化其外部贸易政策来实现这一目的。     

试论国家对健康权与药品知识产权保护制度的平衡简

健康权在任何与健康熙护议题有关的政策上（包括药品知识产权制度）都不可忽略.然而, 《多哈宣言与2003年决议仍未触及药品知识产权保障与健康权冲突的核心问题,这就需要将健康权作为一项政策工具对药品知识产权的影响做补充性的解释.国家保障药物获得权利的义务应根据其实质内涵的多样性与复杂性掺入防卫权的特色；换言之,药品获得权应区分为国家仅有义务渐进实现的受益权与国家有义务立即实现的受益权.这种通过细化国家保障药品获得权的义务,在具有相同重要性的健康权及药品知识产权产生冲突时,便有足够的基础从权利本质审视两者在冲突时的平衡关系是否适当.     

Breaking through the Monopoly： To Grasp the Direction of China＇s Intellectual Property Protection Mechanism -From Perspective of Differences Between Chinese and Western Cultural Traditions

知识产权首先应该是一个文化问题，其在中国传统文化中具有共享性、实用性与低价性，当中国知识产权法律在乡土社会的国际化进程中遭遇知识垄断、规律理性与权利至上的文化挑战时，中国知识产权文化建设必须通过充分解放思想与大胆创新的方式和谐崛起，突围垄断，构建有中国特色的知识产权保护体系。     

知识产权法律中责令停止侵权罚则的探讨

以武汉晶源诉日本富士化工、华阳电业一案为例,在分析我国法律法规和国际条约相关规定的基础上,探讨法院在什么情况下可以不支持权利人关于“责令停止侵权行为”的诉求.通过比较公共利益强制许可与法官做出继续执行判决的起因、二者适用的实体法和程序法等,探讨了以公共利益为由责令不停止侵权与公共利益强制许可的区别与联系.根据对武汉晶源案的分析,提出了完善和修改专利法相关规定的几点思考.     

对专业化市场主体知识产权刑事保护意识的考察——基于对杭州市253个商家问卷调查的分析

专业化市场是市场经济在规模效应模式下的组织形式,是一项极具中国特色的制度创新。经营商品的同类性使专业市场知识产权保护形成内部易、外部难的局面。对杭州华东家具市场和杭州灯具市场的调查显示,商家拥有自主知识产权的商品占绝对比重,并有强烈的自我保护意识。较高的起点和复杂的程序是商家对刑事保护期待不足的主要原因。强化行政执法是启动刑事保护措施的前提条件。完善刑事立法是落实知识产权保护措施的基本路径。     

设计未来：中国发展与知识产权

中国未来的发展,离不开知识产权事业的发展。知识产权战略是建设创新型国家的制度支撑。中国知识产权战略的实施,应着力于＂中国创造＂、＂中国创意＂、＂中国形象＂的发展目标,即实施专利战略、提高国家科技竞争力,实施版权战略、增强国家文化软实力,实施商标战略、提升国家品牌影响力。