Characteristic Features of Hanging: A Study in Rural District of Central India

The ligature mark is the most relevant feature of hanging. This study was undertaken with a view to determine the characteristic features of hanging and its association with ligature material or mode of suspension. Of a total medicolegal deaths reported at an Apex Medical Centre, hanging was noted in 4.1% cases, all suicidal with mortality rate of 1.5 per 100,000 population per year. The hanging was complete in 67.7% with nylon rope as the commonest type of ligature material used for ligation. The hanging mark was usually single, situated above thyroid cartilage, incomplete, prominent, and directed toward nape of neck. The mark of dribbling of saliva was seen in 11.8% cases. Facial congestion, petechial hemorrhage, and cyanosis were significantly seen in partial hanging. Though occasionally reported, the argent line was noted in 78.7% hanging deaths with neck muscle hemorrhage in 23.6% cases. Fracture of neck structure was predominant in complete hanging.     

Interpreting the Effects of Burning on Pre-incineration Saw Marks in Bone

This study examined the effects of fire on the features associated with saw marks in bone. Both class and individual characteristics were examined using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty-four semifleshed Sus scrofa L. tibiae were sawed into three sections with the middle section having deep and shallow false starts. Twelve saw blades of varying age and type were each used to cut two tibiae. In each case, the first tibia was burned in an outdoor open fire to the point of partial calcination. The second tibia, our control, was macerated using a heated enzyme solution. Controls and burned specimens were examined for the following characteristics: breakaway spur, tooth hop, false start, exit chipping, tooth imprint, breakaway notch, pull out striae, kerf flare, and blade drift. In general, there was parity in the observed characteristics in the burned samples using the SEM and the stereomicroscope. SEM observation, however, provided enhanced images, with the addition of observing individual tooth imprints, previously not visible. Therefore, this study recommends using an SEM for the examination of saw cuts in burnt bone.     

Microscopic Saw Mark Analysis: An Empirical Approach

Microscopic saw mark analysis is a well published and generally accepted qualitative analytical method. However, little research has focused on identifying and mitigating potential sources of error associated with the method. The presented study proposes the use of classification trees and random forest classifiers as an optimal, statistically sound approach to mitigate the potential for error of variability and outcome error in microscopic saw mark analysis. The statistical model was applied to 58 experimental saw marks created with four types of saws. The saw marks were made in fresh human femurs obtained through anatomical gift and were analyzed using a Keyence digital microscope. The statistical approach weighed the variables based on discriminatory value and produced decision trees with an associated outcome error rate of 8.62–17.82%.     

Accuracy of 3D Scanners in Tooth Mark Analysis

The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of contact and laser 3D scanners in tooth mark analysis. Ten dental casts were scanned with both 3D scanners. Seven linear measurements were made from the 3D images of dental casts and biting edges generated with DentalPrint© software (University of Granada, Granada, Spain). The uncertainty value for contact 3D scanning was 0.833 for the upper dental cast and 0.660 mm for the lower cast; similar uncertainty values were found for 3D-laser scanning. Slightly higher uncertainty values were obtained for the 3D biting edges generated. The uncertainty values for single measurements ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mm with the exception of the intercanine distance, in which higher values were obtained. Knowledge of the error rate in the 3D scanning of dental casts and biting edges is especially relevant to be applied in practical forensic cases.     

把集邮文化融入先进文化建设大潮

集邮以其广泛的群众基础和深厚的人文魅力,是构建先进文化的有机载体,把集邮文化融入我国先进文化建设大潮,具有重要的现实意义。     

光滑平面上汗液指印的拍摄

犯罪嫌疑人遗留在各种光滑平面上的新鲜或陈旧性汗液指印,由于潜在指印与背景之间的反射亮度差很小,加之背景颜色的干扰,一般光照条件下拍摄相当困难。运用定向反射照相法,能加强纹线与背景的亮度差异,消除背景颜色的干扰,取得较好的拍摄效果。     

咬痕个体识别的比对方法

目的 建立一个牙模数据库,为通过牙齿、咬痕进行个人识别的研究及其在法医实践中的应用提供一种新方法。方法 经过对400例牙模进行分析、计算,将牙齿的形状、排列转换成数字型(X,Y)坐标,通过计算出每颗牙关键点与坐标原点的相对位置,在DOS系统下运用Borland C++5.0语言编写程序,快速地计算出牙齿和牙弓的特征。结果 能对牙模进行自动识别,达到排除与认定。其比对精度长度为1.3mm,角度3°;可取的最少牙点位数目为12～14较为合理,大致需要5～7个完整的牙痕。结论 该方法是研究咬痕与牙模比对的基础。     

试论域名与商标冲突问题及解决

域名与商标冲突是互联网发展的产物 ,其实质是新兴的网络经济与传统知识产权经济的矛盾冲突。域名与商标冲突系知识产权纠纷 ,它既是当今知识产权界的热点 ,又是难点。本文就域名与商标冲突的表现形式、冲突的原因及冲突的协调等问题做了较为全面的论述。     

论域名与商标权冲突的解决

随着互联网民用化和商业化进程的不断发展,域名与商标权之间的冲突也愈演愈烈,目前国际上域名争议的解决途径主要有两种:一是通过民间专门争议解决机构司法外解决,一是司法解决。目前,我国对域名与商标权冲突的法律调整较之以前已有很大进步,但仍有需完善之处:对于域名与商标权产生冲突的源头,仍旧没有作出规定;调整域名纠纷中的法律效力的位阶较低;现有的法律法规对商标侵犯在先,域名权该如何处理没有提及。     

内凹齿钥匙痕迹特征研究

目的运用光学仪器研究内凹齿钥匙痕迹形态特征。方法制作内凹齿钥匙正常开锁和被钥匙机复制后的样本,用光学显微镜拍照固定痕迹特征。结果内凹齿钥匙开锁痕迹特征明显,且被钥匙机复制后能留下复制痕迹。结论通过检验内凹齿钥匙上的痕迹特征能确定钥匙是否被复制过。