论被害人谅解对量刑的影响

犯罪是对被害人的直接侵害,在遭受犯罪行为侵害的过程中,被害人对犯罪行为给自己带来的伤害有着切身的体会和直观的感受。法院在审理案件过程中应该听取被害人的意见,并在量刑时加以考虑。但被害人谅解是否对于法院有必然的约束力则不能一概而论。笔者从被害人谅解影响量刑的依据、限度、条件及监督保障等方面对被害人谅解与刑罚适用的关系进行了讨论,并提出只要从制度上加以规范和保障,将被害人谅解作为量刑的酌定从轻或者减轻处罚情节,是可以促进社会的和谐与稳定的。     

Understanding Victim Support as Crime Prevention Work: The Construction of Young Victims and Villains in the Dominant Crime Victim Discourse in Sweden

Starting from the observation that a new victim category has emerged in the form of the ‘young crime victim’, this article explores the notion of support to young crime victims as crime prevention work, considering it as an important constituent of the dominant crime victim discourse among support professionals. In the context of the support work, the (young) ‘victim’ and the (young) ‘villain’ provide mutually necessary counterparts constructed in relation to each other. Corresponding to this division, two approaches in criminal and crime prevention policy and practice are then analysed using Garland's notions of ‘the criminology of the self’ and ‘the criminology of the other’. The first of these strategies is generally associated with rehabilitative measures (with the resulting normalization of the crime, its victims, and villains), while in the second punitive measures remain the norm (with the crime, its victims, and villains becoming ‘Otherized’). Yet, as shown within the context of rehabilitation organized as support to young crime victims, both of these (at first glance mutually contradictory) discourses are drawn upon and operationalized by the professional support staff constructing images of young victims and villains in their daily work. Help-seeking youths resistant to identifying as victims remain represented as (possible future) villains.     

复行为理论下对轮奸“共同正犯说”之反思

我国刑法将轮奸定位为强奸犯罪的加重情节,而非独立的罪名。因强奸犯罪属复行为犯,复行为中的强制行为之上可成立共同正犯,而奸淫行为具有亲手性和排他性,不能成立共同正犯,各犯罪人只能轮流地、各自地实施奸淫行为。轮奸不是典型意义上的共同正犯,而是数个独立意义上的强奸犯罪之叠加,也只能在宏观上被拟制成为"共同正犯",即多犯罪人"在实现各自轮流奸淫被害人的目的支配下"通过参与实施"团体性"强制行为而实现每个犯罪人对被害人的奸淫行为。     

被害人对审查起诉的制约问题初探

审查起诉是刑事诉讼中的重要一环,对确保刑事诉讼活动的顺利完成具有独特的价值。为实现诉讼程序公正的目标,对其进行适当的制约就不可或缺。本文拟从被害人的角度,对审查起诉制约机制的缺陷加以评析,并对完善这一制度提出自己的构想。     

论我国犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的构建

对因暴力犯罪而致生命、健康遭受侵害之被害人国家补偿不仅是一种道义上的"善行",更是一项国家的法律责任。建立我国犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的必要性和合理性已经达成共识,但"如何建构的问题"却依然存在着较大争议。借鉴国外成功的经验,立足中国实际,深入系统地探讨犯罪被害人国家补偿的对象、适用条件、补偿程度、资金来源及管理机构、补偿程序等重要问题,对于我国犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的科学建构具有重要的意义。     

Prevention of Victimization

SUMMARY

Children are frequently exposed to violence at school or in their neighborhood, resulting in multiple negative psychological effects, including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, isolation, hopelessness, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The present study evaluated the unique prevention program implemented in inner city parks designed to prevent the development of short- and long-term consequences of exposure to chronic violence. Results indicated that participants benefited significantly from the program, as evidenced by a decrease in endorsement of submissive conflict resolution strategies and behavioral problems. Higher self-esteem was related to increased program gains. Gender emerged as another moderator, while age was unrelated to improvement.     

A Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity cost benefit analysis for use of nylon 4N6FLOQSwabs®

Forensic genetic laboratories are challenged with implementing innovation even if the benefits to operational performance are well demonstrated often because of internal budget constraints. A prospective cost–benefit analysis (CBA) could support justification for an increased budget by effectively demonstrating in a system-based approach the relatively small cost of increasing a laboratory budget can substantially reduce costs to society (both qualitatively and monetarily). A Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity CBA was performed using a more expensive swab (i.e., nylon 4N6FLOQSwabs®) compared with a less costly cotton swab. Ranges of input values and tangible and intangible benefits were considered. The outcome is that the relatively small increased cost of using a nylon swab pales compared with the potential tangible and intangible benefits to the overall system. This approach provides a sounder basis for requesting additional funds to support implementation of technologies and better approximates realistic situations while accommodating uncertainty of input values.     

刑事和解实务的经济分析

我国新《刑事诉讼法》以立法的形式明确了刑事和解的基本程序和要求，为多年来司法实践中广泛开展的刑事和解工作提供了法律依据。刑事和解在贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策、创建和谐社会等方面有着重要的意义，同时其符合刑法民法化，构建多元纠纷解决机制等现代司法改革发展的方向。但实践中刑事和解开展更多是符合“成本收益”计算的经济学规律，我们应当充分认识和解过程中的经济运行原理，从而更有效地运用好刑事和解，使其为社会创造更多“福利”。     

“恢复性”的背后——恢复性司法的法理学批判

恢复性司法研究始于1970年代,目前已经在很多国家和地区展开了试点。它的起源带有基督教的宗教因素,其正义观带有自然法的色彩;并且,恢复性司法受1970年代西方被害人运动的推动,具有后现代主义法学的"解构"特征。本质上说,恢复性司法是"非法治"的,它是西方市民运动的产物,是对传统刑事司法的颠覆。对于中国这样一个市民社会还不发达,而且复仇主义和暴力文化具有悠久历史的国家而言,引入恢复性司法的可行性是值得商榷的。     

已知被害人研究对命案性质的解析

在命案的侦破过程中,确定案件性质往往是侦破工作的首要环节,而对已知被害人相关信息的研究在命案定性中不可忽略。通过对已知被害人的自然属性、社会属性及被害人最后活动情况等的调查分析,能够为命案定性提供切实依据,从而带动整个命案侦破工作的后续活动。