西汉前期农本政策之鉴

“以农为本”是中华民族创造农业文明的基本国策。西汉前期推行这项基本国策的主要措施包括:保持足够数量的农业劳动力,减轻农民负担,维持和平与稳定,厉行节俭,保护农产品价格,兴修水利,推广先进技术,使“耕者有其田”等等。这些措施为“文景之治”奠定了坚实的基础。时至今日,这些措施对于我们研究和解决“三农”问题仍然具有重要的借鉴意义。     

论WTO体系下农业补贴的特殊安排及未来展望

与WTO《补贴协定》及GATT1994相比,在总体规范方法、概念、规则结构、救济等方面,《农业协定》采取了一套独特的规制方式,但在WTO农业补贴争端中,《补贴协定》、GATT1994与《农业协定》常被共同适用于农业补贴。此举强化了对农业补贴的规制,但农业补贴是否,以及在多大程度上继续享有特殊地位和待遇,最终应由成员谈判确定。在未来一段时期内,特殊的农业补贴规则将继续存在,我国在参与WTO农业谈判、诉讼,调整国内农业政策时,应给予充分重视。     

创意旅游：乡村旅游提升战略——以桂林龙胜为例

创意旅游是创意产业和旅游产业相融合发展起来的一种新兴的高级旅游形态,经济和社会效益显著。面对创意时代的到来,站在乡村发展、旅游产业升级的视角,桂林龙胜应借助区域经济发展契机,以创意思维,研究开发农业创意旅游发展模式、民族民俗文化创意旅游发展模式、生态创意旅游发展模式、养生养老创意旅游发展模式,红色创意旅游模式,借此发展提升乡村旅游和区域整体价值。     

Agricultural trade within Northeast Asia： The prospects from Japan

The recent expansion of agricultural exports from China to Japan and Korea has marked one of the greatest changes in agricultural trade within Northeast Asia in the past few decades. Recently, China＇s influence in Northeast Asia as a major food consumer, not only as a food supplier, is spreading as well. In this paper, the issue of establishing collaborative relationships in agricultural trade among Northeast Asian countries is discussed from the following four viewpoints： factor analysis on agricultural export, the dynamic changes in the food system, the consensus building within the system of international trade, and the formation of a food industry cluster. It concludes that, it is necessary not only for agricultural economists to take the aspects of the region, the food chain, consensus building and industrial clusters into their research on international agricultural trade, but also for policymakers to have a similar perspective on the formation of a system for agricultural trade in order to obtain benefits from it.     

Impacts of land and agricultural commercialisation on local livelihoods in Zambia: evidence from three models

By examining three different models of commercial agriculture – a plantation, a commercial farming area, and an out-grower scheme – we observe heterogeneous impacts on different segments of rural communities. Each produces gender and generational differentials in employment and other income-earning opportunities. Our study supports the hypothesis that the plantation model typifies the ‘enclave’ economy that is poorly integrated into the surrounding communities and the local economy. While out-grower schemes have often been favourably compared to plantations, our evidence on the Magobbo sugarcane out-grower scheme points to the contrary: its block farming model consolidates smallholdings and creates a peasant-shareholder class. Shareholder ‘out-growers’ receive dividends from what is essentially an extension of the plantation. This accumulation for a few also produces land scarcity and fragile semi-proletarianised livelihoods for others. By contrast we find that the commercial farming model, while based on an elite form of large-scale commercial farming, does provide benefits to surrounding areas, through employment and local economic linkages.     

我国农地承包经营权流转体系研究

2009年2月“中央一号文件”提出健全农地承包经营权流转市场,这使稳定农地承包关系,发展规模化经营,成为一个重大而紧迫的课题。从农地承包经营流转权的前提、主体、形式、融资和保障措施方面,提出进行农地的确权、尊重农户的土地流转主体地位、创新农地流转形式、完善农村社保机制、盘活农地融资方式等措施,从而促进农地集约化发展,建立现代农业。     

当代法国农业资本主义发展的主要途径和特征

二战结束后,法国通过土地集中和增加资本投入等途径,加速推进农业机械化、专业化、区域化、产业化、合作化、社会化、农民职业化的步伐,在家族化和公司化农业经营的基础上,既保持欧洲大陆地区农业生产的传统特点,又顺应当今世界农业国际化一体化发展的新趋势,走出了一条独具特色的农业现代化道路。     

The EROI of agriculture and its use by the Via Campesina

Via Campesina supports peasant and small farmer agriculture both in the South and in the North. Its basic doctrine is that of ‘food sovereignty’. It is a movement that defends an ‘ecological neo-Narodnism’. Among the analytical tools used by this international peasant movement is the comparison between the energy efficiency of traditional small farm agriculture and modern industrial agriculture. This article briefly recalls the history of agricultural energetics, and then looks at the use of the concept of EROI (energy return on energy input) by Via Campesina when it claims that ‘industrial agriculture is no longer a producer of energy but a consumer of energy’, and that ‘peasant agriculture cools down the Earth’. The absence in Marxism of a tradition of analysis of energy flows is also reviewed here, since it is of interest in order to bring together the classic economic concept of decreasing returns with the more recent notion of a declining EROI. The article also draws on work analysing how environmental activists use concepts from ecological economics, while at the same time ‘activist knowledge’ contributes to ecological economics in a two-way communication between activism and science.     

Troubling notions of farmer choice: hybrid Bt cotton seed production in western India

The debate over agricultural biotechnology is increasingly being centered on the question of farmer choice. Advocates for biotechnology argue that farmers should be able to choose the seeds and technologies they use, and therefore these new technologies should be legalized and made available immediately. Who would deny farmers of the global South their right to choose? But these discourses of choice and freedom are being deployed to market a particular kind of development. This neoliberal development of agriculture is leading to the individualization of risk, the shifting of risk to marginalized contract farming households, and greater control for wealthier farmers, seed companies and agents. The state of Gujarat, India, is seen as a success story of hybrid Bt cotton, in which farmers have their choice of hundreds of varieties of seeds. As cotton seed production is taking off in the neighboring state of Rajasthan, however, choosing Bt cotton has different implications and meanings altogether. Drawing on eight months of qualitative research with adivasi households in Dungarpur District, Rajasthan, I offer narrative accounts from farmers and seed agents that both explore and trouble neoliberal notions of farmer choice. The use of these discourses by biotech advocates is just one example of the ways that choice and freedom are being utilized to further neoliberal development.     

云南省发展农业产业化浅论

农业产业化是市场经济条件下发展农村经济的一种全新的生产经营模式。云南省现有农业产业化水平不高 ,受制于多种因素。推进云南农业的产业化必须采取切实有效的措施