关于“普鲁士式道路”的典型性问题再认识

马克思主义经典作家一般把“英国式道路”看作是现代农业资本主义发展的典型形态，而把“普鲁士式道路”看作只是一个例外。这种改良的道路是在最大限度地保留农奴制残余的基础上，把封建领主制经济缓慢地转化为带有资本主义性质的容克地主经济，不仅使农民长期遭受资本主义和封建制度的双重剥削，而且把德意志民族带入军国主义的泥潭而不能自拔。二战结束后，东德通过实行民主土地改革和农业社会主义改造，彻底铲除了容克地主阶级的生存土壤，“普鲁士式的道路”走向历史终结。德国实现统一后，德东地区进行的土地私有化和市场化改革并没有像西德那样完全实行小规模的家庭农场经营，而是继续保持大型国营农场和农业合作社在经营规模、机械化水平、农业劳动生产率等方面的优势。这对于我国目前正在进行的小农经济改造和现代农业发展具有重要的借鉴意义。     

观光农业开发研究

观光农业是国内新兴旅游形式.云南作为山原农业省区,有独特的景观赋存条件,丰富的自然生态和厚重的民族文化内涵.云南农业为特色旅游发展提供了资源和空间,云南建设绿色经济强省和培育旅游支柱产业为观光农业发展创造了环境条件,应该在旅游产品开发和农业产业结构调整中注重规划和发展.     

夯实农村实用人才工程 促进现代农业发展

农村要发展,人才是关键。在建设社会主义新农村,发展现代农业的新时期,必须正确认识农村实用人才对农村发展的重要性,正确认识农村实用人才发展面临的现状,更要大力加强农村实用人才的培育,全面推动现代农业发展,确保社会主义新农村建设目标顺利实现。     

观论胡锦涛的＂三农＂思想

以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央领导集体提出了一系列加强“三农”工作的方针和政策，主要思想体现在：把“三农”问题作为全党工作重中之重的战略定位；提出建设社会主义新农村的战略任务；提出统筹城乡经济社会发展的基本要求；坚持多予、少取、放活的指导方针；提高农业综合生产能力的重要措施。这些思想对于推动我国农村改革、开创农村工作新局面和全面建设小康社会都具有重大的理论和现实意义。     

宁夏农村土地制度变迁与创新研究

农村土地制度的变迁，直接关系到农民的脱贫致富和农村经济的发展。从宁夏农村土地制度变迁的历史演进过程来看，我区农村现行的土地制度在实施过程中存在明显的局限性。     

以创新促进农村金融改革

“三农”问题的存在决定了我国农村金融的特殊性。农村金融市场、金融体系和金融服务等方面存在很多问题,急需进行改革。建议进行金融制度创新、金融产品创新和金融服务创新。     

How Values Shape Program Perceptions: The “Organic Ethos” and Producers’ Assessments of U.S. Organic Policy Impacts

Among the more recognizable programs related to natural and sustainable food is the United States Department of Agriculture’s National Organic Program. Although the robustness of the organic food market is difficult to contest, many debate the extent to which U.S. organic policy outcomes adequately serve consumers and the organic agriculture producers they rely on. This paper engages the debate from the perspective of certified organic producers. Drawing on the results of a nationwide survey of USDA‐certified producers, we first provide a snapshot of how producers assess the environmental, consumer, and market impacts of U.S. organic food policy. We then examine the extent to which organic producers’ policy impact perceptions are associated with their alignment with an “organic ethos”—understood as producers’ commitment to core organic principles and the organic movement. The paper highlights producers’ values as perceptual filters and cognitive mechanisms that help shape producers’ policy impacts perceptions, illustrating a contributing factor to the enduring nature of organic policy debates.     

Contested paradigms of ‘viability’ in redistributive land reform: perspectives from southern Africa

This article reviews some of the salient aspects of the controversy over capitalism and the fate of Russian peasantry, among the Russian Marxists and the narodniks immediately prior to and after the Bolshevik revolution. At issue was the characterization of peasant economies. The narodniks believed that neither marginalism nor Marxism fully captured the nuances of peasant agriculture and the economic system/systems that evolved out of it; neither the market model nor class analysis adequately described the allocative and distributive processes in such economies. While nineteenth-century narodniks stressed the role of institutions based in the village community, Chayanov's twentieth-century populism stressed the organizational dynamic of peasant households within an institutional framework. Accordingly, the economics of the Chayanovian interpretation are examined from an institutional and organizational perspective. Such an exercise, it is argued, lends more credibility not only to the narodnik agenda, but also to the peasantist model of development.     

LETTERS

正It was fascinating for me to read"China’s New Industrial Revolution"by John Ross and"China,Leader of the Third Industrial Revolution?"by Hu Jiangyun.With reference to the textbook Elementary Economic Theory by K.K.Dewett and J.D.Varma,economic development,as opposed to under-development,implies that a country has a highly economic system.It means highly efficient organization both of agriculture and of industry,a highly developed banking and credit system and adequate development of transport and communications.     

Debt and vulnerability: indebtedness,institutions and smallholder agriculture in South India

ABSTRACT

Expanding access to credit remains a key central government strategy for promoting agricultural development and livelihood diversification in south India and more widely. Smallholders borrowing from multiple credit sources are faced with obligations in addition to financial repayment. Available evidence on the consequences of indebtedness extending beyond monetary debt and its influence on vulnerability is incomplete in important ways. This paper presents an integrated vulnerability framework and illustrates the framework through case studies of three pairs of smallholder clients and credit sources. Using process-tracing and progressive contextualization methods, this paper shows the diversity of feedbacks that shape indebtedness and provides examples of social-ecological consequences. Unpacking these consequences in individual cases demonstrates indebtedness as an important root cause of vulnerability, which is in contrast to an examination of proximate causes, such as credit policy or temperature, that is the focus of a large share of scholarship. The paper shows that different credit sources are associated with different sets of obligations, leading to varied livelihood and agricultural consequences. Suggesting ‘credit stacking’ as an important adaptation strategy and research agenda item, the paper makes a plea for careful analysis of the conditions when credit is a factor in adaptive capacity and indebtedness of vulnerability.