浅探我国法律援助制度的科学发展

法律援助制度是我国保护“弱势群体”的最后也是最有力的救济手段,它的内涵以及它制定的最终目标都体现出“以人为本”、实现“可持续发展”这一主题。它在我国取得了迅速的发展,也在为“弱势群体”提供法律服务方面取得了显著成绩。但是目前,我国的法律援助工作仍面临着许多困难,存在着许多不足,本文主要探讨如何去加以科学的发展和完善。     

公务员法对公务员提供公共服务的新要求

建设服务型政府是人民政府应有的基本品格和追求的价值目标之一。公务员法从“全心全意为人民服务”和“提高工作效率”两个方面对公务员实现此目标提出了新的要求。     

当前我国袭警案件频繁发生的原因

当前,我国袭警案件频繁发生的主要原因有:社会治安形势的严峻性和复杂性;我国法律对警察执法缺少必要的保障;基层执勤民警的安全意识、自我保护意识不强;公安民警的警械装备不良和对使用枪支的困惑;舆论导向的负面作用;公安机关内部重义务轻权利的片面性教育。     

简论警察网络应对中的在线介入与离线防控——以美国为例谈网络作为维护社会稳定的重要"场域"

网络之于现实社会的巨大影响仍在快速发展和不断被认识中,其作为现实社会显现或潜在的巨大力量,也正被各国政府、营运企业及技术、法律各界高度关注。问题的焦点之一,即如何有效"规制"网络世界中那些与现实世界密切关联的方面,特别是那些于现实主流社会有巨大影响甚至是颠覆性影响的问题。以警察直接防范、打击的专业架构看,"在线介入"与"离线防控"的双重应对是一个思路。"在线介入",即"在线"的规制与干预,"离线防控",即落地的预防与控制。警察必须既作业于网络社会又作业于现实社会,既深入于"彼岸"又深入于"此岸",既是网络警察又是现实警察,既执行维护虚拟社会秩序的责任又执行维护现实社会秩序的责任!警察非于传统警务架构方面做出最大限度的跟进,才能适应这一全新的非传统的警务巨变。     

以“代位执法”解决警种分工过细问题

警种分工过细问题长期困扰着公安工作,它制约了公安机关整体合力的形成和发挥,加剧了警力不足,限制了民警的业务素质。实践中可以尝试实行“代位执法”,即在一定程度上允许跨职权处理一些事宜,同时设立相应的法规来规范这种跨职权处理行为。     

基层民警应正确处理好"三种关系"做贯彻落实"两个最大限度"的践行者

公安工作的一个显著特点就是与人打交道,从一定意义上说,就是处理人与人之间关系的工作。因此,要遵照公安部提出的,在公安工作中要"最大限度地增加和谐因素,最大限度地减少不和谐因素"。要求特别是基层民警应紧紧抓住"三基"工程建设的大好机遇,正确处理好三种关系,把"两个最大限度"的要求落实到实处,以实际行动促进社会的和谐稳定,激发社会的创造力。     

警察权力运行的规范与制约

警察权力是一项强大的公共权力,它一旦被滥用,会直接侵害公民的人身和财产权益,具有很大社会危害性。尽管近期我国对警察权力的运行作了进一步规范,但并未确立完善的警察权力的运行机制,导致警察权力侵害公民合法权益的事件频仍。任何权力都应受到限制,只有对警察权力的运行进行规范和制约,才能防止警察权力滥用,使警察权力能合法、合理地运行,更好地维护公共安全秩序。     

建设高素质公安队伍要强化和完善三个机制

建设高素质的公安队伍 ,必须要有一个好的工作机制。这个工作机制就是强化和完善公开、平等的竞争机制 ,催人奋进的激励机制和全面严格的制约机制。     

COMMUNITY ACCOUNTABILITY,MINORITY THREAT,AND POLICE BRUTALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS*

A growing body of evidence shows that minorities are disproportionately the targets of police brutality, but important theoretical questions about the causes of that inequity remain unanswered. One promising line of research involves structural‐level analyses of the incidence of police brutality complaints; however, existing studies do not incorporate variables from alternative theoretical explanations. Drawing on the community accountability hypothesis and the threat hypothesis, we tested the predictions of two prominent structural‐level explanations of police brutality in a study of civil rights criminal complaints. The study included cities of 150,000+ population (n = 114). The findings reveal that two community accountability variables—ratio percent Hispanic citizens to percent Hispanic police officers and the presence of citizen review—were related positively to police brutality complaints, partially supporting that perspective. Two threat hypothesis measures of threatening people—percent black and percent Hispanic (in the Southwest)—were related positively to complaints, as predicted. The relative degree of support for the two hypotheses is assessed.     

DOES CRIME JUST MOVE AROUND THE CORNER? A CONTROLLED STUDY OF SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF CRIME CONTROL BENEFITS*

Recent studies point to the potential theoretical and practical benefits of focusing police resources on crime hot spots. However, many scholars have noted that such approaches risk displacing crime or disorder to other places where programs are not in place. Although much attention has been paid to the idea of displacement, methodological problems associated with measuring it have often been overlooked. We try to fill these gaps in measurement and understanding of displacement and the related phenomenon of diffusion of crime control benefits. Our main focus is on immediate spatial displacement or diffusion of crime to areas near the targeted sites of an intervention. Do focused crime prevention efforts at places simply result in a movement of offenders to areas nearby targeted sites—“do they simply move crime around the corner”? Or, conversely, will a crime prevention effort focusing on specific places lead to improvement in areas nearby—what has come to be termed a diffusion of crime control benefits? Our data are drawn from a controlled study of displacement and diffusion in Jersey City, New Jersey. Two sites with substantial street‐level crime and disorder were targeted and carefully monitored during an experimental period. Two neighboring areas were selected as “catchment areas” from which to assess immediate spatial displacement or diffusion. Intensive police interventions were applied to each target site but not to the catchment areas. More than 6,000 20‐minute social observations were conducted in the target and catchment areas. They were supplemented by interviews and ethnographic field observations. Our findings indicate that, at least for crime markets involving drugs and prostitution, crime does not simply move around the corner. Indeed, this study supports the position that the most likely outcome of such focused crime prevention efforts is a diffusion of crime control benefits to nearby areas.