刍论中国脑死亡立法

＂脑死亡＂立法属于科技含量高,人权及伦理学混杂的法律进程。全文对脑死亡立法作了理论基础分析,对脑死亡立法的必要性,目前面临的主要问题作了探讨,提出对脑死亡立法的建议。     

构建中国未成年人犯罪非监禁制度研究

对未成年犯的刑罚重在教育挽救，由于监禁刑对未成年人犯来说具有更大的弊害，在国际刑事司法领域正在轰轰烈烈地掀起的犯罪非监禁化的大背景下，从未成年人的福祉出发，构建中国未成年人犯罪非监禁化制度已经显得十分必要，对未成年人犯罪更多地考虑采用缓刑、罚金、社区服务等非监禁措施，更有利于实现未成年人和社会利益的双向保护目标。     

关于我国惩治黑社会犯罪法的立法思考

我国现行反黑刑事法律对于惩治黑社会犯罪起了积极和建设性的作用,但同时也必须看到,现行法律仍存在着一些亟待完善的地方。针对目前反黑实际,应制订反黑单行刑事法律。我国港澳台地区的反黑刑事立法,对于制订大陆地区反黑单行刑事法律,无疑具有重要的参考价值。     

我国惩治黑社会性质组织犯罪的刑法完善——兼论对《刑法修正案(八)(草案)》相关条款的修改建议

现行《刑法》关于黑社会性质组织犯罪的规定在司法实践中存在着理解和认定上的困难,已经不能适应惩治黑社会性质组织犯罪的新要求,有必要重视重庆打黑除恶专项斗争中暴露出的刑法规定上的不足,对《刑法修正案(八)(草案)》的相关规定予以评述并提出相应的修改建议。当前,我国没有必要制定单独的反黑社会性质组织犯罪法律。在修订《刑法》第294条时,应当区别对待组织、领导者和积极参加者、一般参加者,并设置相应的刑罚,同时应当增设第294条之一以界定黑社会性质组织。对于所有黑社会性质组织犯罪均应增设财产刑,并提高包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织犯罪的法定刑。此外,不宜将黑社会性质组织犯罪规定为特殊累犯,而应当规定为特别再犯,并提高黑社会性质组织犯罪的缓刑、减刑和假释适用标准。     

犯罪人与普通人的平等——非监禁刑的价值定位与路径选择

现代刑罚理论普遍采纳行刑个别化、社会化原则使得自由刑的执行更有利于犯罪人的再社会化，而目前我国对非监禁刑的价值认识模糊、研究滞后，导致社会接受度不高，司法实践对其适用也持保守态度。透视我国非监禁刑司法适用问题，分析非监禁刑的理念及价值定位，在构建公平正义社会过程中从价值理念和制度上完善、创新非监禁刑制度及法律适用，追求最大程度上的犯罪人与普通人的平等，才能彰显刑罚惩治与教育改造的双重功能。     

收回死刑复核权面临的难题及其破解

It is of great significance for the Supreme Court of China (SCC) to take back the power of having judicial review for death sentences. For that purpose, first, we have to amend the procedures for judicial review for death sentences, including precisely defining the responsibility of the SCC to review death sentences, determining appropriate modes of review, prescribing the time limit of review, allowing the participation of defense lawyers and prosecutors, etc. Second, we must also amend the appellate procedures for capital cases, including holding hearings, comprehensive trial of key cases, and adjusting the time limit for the second instance. Third, we must improve relative systems that can directly affect the trial quality of capital cases, including the improvement of evidentiary rules, the reform of judicial committees, and the forbiddance to change an original sentence into a death sentence. Long Zongzhi, professor, chairs the academic commission at Southwestern University of Politics and Law. Meanwhile, he takes the vice chair of the supervising committee of legal education in the Ministry of Education of China. He advanced the theory of dual structure of criminal litigation in early 1990s and put forward the theory of relative reasonableness in late 1990s, which exerted great influence in academic law. Moreover, he has published a great number of works on criminal litigation, judicial system, and evidence law.     

近亲属请求死亡赔偿的法理基础

死亡抚恤金是国家或有关单位按相关法规规定给予死者近亲属和被扶养人一定金额的慰问金及生活补助费,抚恤金代替不了死亡赔偿。死者已无从取得主张赔偿的权利,但法律不能无视利益受到损害的近亲属。基于身份关系的重要性,从亲属法的角度进行分析,应当以近亲属身份权被侵害作为近亲属索赔的理论依据,近亲属不仅可以向直接致害人提起死亡赔偿,也可以要求学校和政府承担起相应的责任,这样才能使近亲属被侵害的身份利益得到真正的救济。     

死刑的适用原则与存废之争

死刑是以剥夺犯罪人生命为内容的最为严厉的刑罚，应遵循公正、功利与人道三大原则。死刑是起源最早的刑种，在几千年人类刑罚史上一直占据着刑罚体系的主导地位。死刑制度走向历来是一个极为敏感的问题。因此，如何评价死刑，保留或是废除，限制或是扩张，不仅是一个法律问题，也是一个非常重要的社会、政治问题。我国作为保留死刑的国家，限制与减少死刑已受到立法和司法的高度重视。     

刑罚轻缓化视野下的中美自由刑执行措施比较

自由刑在当代各国刑罚体系中处于中心位置，刑罚轻缓化实现的关键在于自由刑的轻缓化。有效的执行措施是刑罚轻缓化实现的重要保证。中关两国在自由刑具体执行措施方面既有共性又有差异，深入理解并合理借鉴美国等发达国家的执刑措施，对促进中国刑罚轻缓化的发展具有积极意义。     

Blind validation of postmortem interval estimates using developmental rates of blow flies

This study evaluated the use of different degree day (DD) models, developmental thresholds and developmental data sources for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) based on developmental rates of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Blow fly evidence was collected from three mock crime scenes and sent for blind analysis of PMI. PMI estimates were calculated using averaging, single sine, double sine, single triangle, and double triangle models of DD calculation with minimum developmental thresholds of 0, 6 and 10 °C and Anderson's, Byrd and Allen's, Greenberg's, Nishida's and Kamal's developmental data sets. These estimates were compared with the actual PMI to determine which combination of DD model, developmental threshold and developmental data provided the most accurate estimate. For all three cases, at least one method gave a PMI estimation that was within 1 day of the actual date of death. There was no variability between PMI estimated using the five models of DD calculation. Overall, as lower developmental threshold increased, the PMI interval estimates increased. Depending on the developmental data set used, increasing the lower developmental threshold caused some overestimations of the date of oviposition, with estimates given that were prior to the actual death. Future PMI estimates should include error ranges, so that overestimation of PMI is avoided.