A Simple Computer‐assisted Quantification of Contrast in a Fingerprint

A simple method for quantification of contrast in a fingerprint is proposed. Contrast is defined as the average difference in intensity of pixels between valleys and ridges in a fingerprint. It is quantified from a scanner‐acquired image of the fingerprint using a histogram function of Adobe Photoshop. The method was validated with black inked prints and marks developed with aluminum powder. Moreover, we tested resistance of the method to rater‐dependent errors and dependence of the measurements on the resolution of an image and the model of the scanner. For both groups of fingerprints, the method gave coherent and easily interpretable quantitative values for contrast. There were no significant differences between measurements performed by different raters and by the same rater in a test–retest procedure. However, the method was found to be instrument dependent, as measurements were significantly affected by image resolution and the model of the scanner.     

Microwave Selective Thermal Development of Latent Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces: Potentialities of the Method and Preliminary Experimental Results

The thermal development of latent fingerprints on paper surfaces is a simple, safe, and chemicals‐free method, based on the faster heating of the substrate underlying the print residue. Microwave heating is proposed for the first time for the development of latent fingerprints on cellulose‐based substrate, in order to add to the thermal development mechanism the further characteristic of being able to heat the fingerprint residues to a different extent with respect to the substrate, due to the intrinsic difference in their dielectric properties. Numerical simulation was performed to confirm and highlight the selectivity of microwaves, and preliminary experimental results point out the great potentialities of this technique, which allowed developing both latent sebaceous‐rich and latent eccrine‐rich fingerprints on different porous surfaces, in less than 30 sec time with an applied output power of 500 W. Microwaves demonstrated more effectiveness in the development of eccrine‐rich residues, aged up to 12 weeks.     

A Comparison of Fingerprint Sweat Corrosion of Different Alloys of Brass

Fingerprint sweat from 40 donors was deposited onto samples of five α and α + β phase brasses, comprising five alloys with different copper and zinc concentrations, two of which also had the addition of small concentrations of lead. Visual grading of the visibility of the corrosion revealed that brasses with the least amount of zinc produced the most visible and fully formed fingerprints from the most donors. Consideration of previously reported mechanisms for the corrosion of brass suggests red copper (I) oxide as a likely corrosion product for low zinc brasses, and a consideration of the color, composition, and solubility of fingerprint sweat corrosion products suggests that copper (I) oxide produces good contrast and visibility with the brass substrate. Scanning electron microscope images of the corrosion of all five alloys confirmed the enhanced contrast between corroded and uncorroded areas for low zinc alloys.     

荧光免疫法在显现吸烟者汗潜指印领域的应用

传统的指印显现方法虽简便易行,却存在灵敏度及分辨率不够高、对现场勘查人员的身体有害等问题,为检验鉴定工作造成一定的困难。因此,需要开发新型的显现方法,以克服上述困难。本文介绍了针对吸烟者汗潜指印中存在的尼古丁代谢产物-可替宁,利用抗原抗体反应进行指印显现的技术,经过处理的指印在特定波长紫外线的激发后即可显现出指印纹线,同时还能确认指印遗留者个人生活信息,不失为一种指印显现领域的新探索。     

谈自制面光源装置拍摄光滑弧面客体上的指纹

在刑事照相工作中,人们常遇到一些光滑弧面客体(如不锈钢管、水杯)上的指纹,这类指纹在拍照时由于受到客体表面反射光的干扰,易形成光斑或光点,虽然使用了多种光源和不同的打光方法照明,但照片的效果仍不理想。为解决这一难题,笔者进行了有关的探讨,设计了一种简易的面光源装置,获得了良好的效果。     

对影响指纹自动识别系统因素的探讨

指纹鉴定是人身识别最重要的手段之一,指纹自动识别系统为指纹鉴定工作提供了一个新的平台,但在实践中有诸多因素不同程度地影响着指纹自动识别系统的运用。研究和探讨影响指纹自动识别系统的因素,并采取相应的对策,无疑对侦查破案有着十分重要的意义和作用。     

掠入射偏振光照相方法显现电脑电源接线头上灰尘指纹

电脑盗窃案中,电脑电源接线头常常留有案犯的灰尘指纹,电源接线头表面粗糙不平,凹凸深度较大,灰尘指纹纹线较细,若用胶带粘取,指纹纹线会弥合,这就破坏了指纹。采用掠入射照相的原理加偏振光照相的方法可以将电源接线头上的灰尘指纹显现出来。     

胶带粘面汗潜指纹小粒子悬浮液显现法的比较研究

在暴力犯罪中,胶带成为犯罪分子常用的工具,因此有必要对胶带粘面指纹的提取、显现技术作进一步的研究。通过分别配置几种小粒子悬浮液,比较显现效果得出结论:碳粉和K-12配制的悬浮液是一种针对胶带汗潜指纹显现效果良好的配伍组合。     

Waiting for Palestine: refracted citizenship and latent sovereignty in Gaza

This article explores the dynamics of citizenship under conditions of statelessness and in territories with uncertain sovereignty. The Gaza Strip under Egyptian Administration (1948–1967) – a nearly indefinable entity that was under Egyptian authority but no one's sovereignty – offers an especially good site for this exploration. In this period, both the government and the population were invested in some notion of Palestinian citizenship, but there was no Palestinian state to codify that concept. The Palestinian loss of formal citizenship with the end of the British Mandate in 1948, and the continued absence of this legal category, has shaped Palestinian life and political identification in profound ways. Even under these conditions, though, both conceptions about, and the social practice of, citizenship have also been crucially important for Palestinian community. Conditions in Gaza under Egyptian Administration illuminate a ‘refracted citizenship’ that articulated a relationship to both a future state and an existing government. Considering both the earlier dynamics of citizenship and sovereignty under the contested circumstances of the Mandate and the details of Egyptian governing practices in Gaza, the article argues that refracted citizenship provided a mechanism for people to make claims of the existing government and offered a means for that government to better manage the place and people of Gaza. Refracted citizenship also enabled people to build new community relations within Gaza – to develop a sense of specifically Gazan community – without feeling that they were jeopardizing their claims to Palestinian citizenship.     

血手印显现的实验研究

目的 提出了采用荧光显现试剂显现血手印的新方法。方法 在比较使用联苯胺及其衍生物显现血手印的同时,实验了通过强氧化剂破坏血红素、沉淀珠蛋白,采用激活血痕、蛋白染色的方法,使血手印清晰显出。结果 显现效果不受客体表面颜色的影响,不受血手印遗留时间的影响。结论 适用客体范围广,灵敏度高。