中美高校科研诚信体系建设比较分析

目前,科研不端行为已成为我国高校学术界亟待解决的问题.通过对中美高校科研诚信建设的比较,可以看出,美国大学科研诚信的宣导教育、监管模式、科研不端行为的处理等方面都具有先进的经验.我国的高校科研诚信建设应借鉴美国做法,通过多种途径加强高校的科研诚信建设,一是通过多媒体联合的形式宣导科研诚信,二是建立独立的长期的具有监管职能的科研诚信管理机构,三是建立全国范围内的高校联盟机制,四是加强科学研究过程的监督和学术问责.由此,我国才能形成完善的高校科研诚信体系建设.     

THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF POLICE MISCONDUCT*

The present study examined whether variations in social ecological conditions in New York City police precincts and divisions have predicted patterns of police misconduct from 1975 to 1996. The study included misconduct cases involving bribery, extortion, excessive force, and other abuses of police authority, as well as certain administrative rule violations. Using a longitudinal framework, the analyses found that dimensions of structural disadvantage and population mobility— drawn from the social disorganization literature—as well as changes in Latino population—drawn from the racial conflict perspective— explained changes in police misconduct over time. Further, most of the variations occurred within, as opposed to between, precincts and divisions over time, strengthening the case for a longitudinal examination.     

Predicting pretrial misconduct with drug tests of arrestees: Evidence from eight settings

Identifying defendants at high risk of pretrial misconduct is a major problem for the judiciary. Currently, some have argued that testing arrestees for recent drug use is one way to distinguish between those who will and those who will not commit pretrial misconduct. The research reported here questions whether the incremental predictive power resulting from drug testing always improves predictions of pretrial misconduct. Using survival analysis to study time until rearrest and a probit model to analyze the occurrence of a failure to appear, we show that urine test results have no consistent power to predict pretrial misconduct after accounting for defendant's criminal records, community ties, and other factors commonly known by the court. These results are based on our analysis of eight data sets from different locales, time periods, and age groups.     

HOW CITIZENS ASSESS JUST PUNISHMENT FOR POLICE MISCONDUCT*

In their dealings with citizens, police in most jurisdictions across the country are prohibited from using unnecessary force, abusing their authority, discourteous behavior, and offensive language. This study examines the factors that contribute to citizens' judgments of fair punishment for police misconduct. Using a factorial survey, citizens are asked to judge vignettes of police misconduct that describe encounters between officers and civilians in detail. The findings show that citizens do weigh the officer's behavior, particularly the unnecessary use of force, and mitigating evidence, particularly the degree to which the civilian is injured. Also, the findings show that respondents' social status, including their race, does not explain ratings, but that respondents' political orientation, that is, liberal versus conservative orientation, does make a significant difference. The findings demonstrate a normative consensus among respondents about the factors to weigh in judging a fair punishment for police misconduct as well as a consensus about the relative severity of appropriate punishment. There is some disagreement among citizens, however, about how to translate judgments of relative severity into a specific punishment for a particular case.     

循私舞弊不移交刑事案件罪的主体认定

准确认定犯罪主体,是追究犯罪行为人刑事责任的基础。对循私舞弊不移交刑事案件罪的犯罪主体的认定,因行政执法的复杂性,使刑法理论和实践上均存有较大的争议。从微观结构上,本罪主体资格内在的逻辑构成要素可分为身份要素、事实要素和权力要素三个方面事实特征,据此以准确认定本罪的犯罪主体。     

Accounting for Anglo-Hispanic Differences in School Misbehavior

Abstract

This study examined the main and interaction effects of social acceptance, aggression, and gang involvement on serious school misbehavior in a sample of 152 middle school age Hispanic and Anglo males. High social acceptance and high aggression (or gang involvement) were hypothesized to predict serious school misbehavior for Hispanic males, but not Anglo males. Our hypotheses for the model including aggression were supported. The findings for aggression, but not gang involvement, are consistent with social learning and code-of-the-streets theories.     

Rethinking Prison Disciplinary Processes: A Potential Future for Restorative Justice

Abstract

The movement for restorative justice (RJ) has struggled with marginalization on the soft end of the criminal justice system where the threat of net widening and iatrogenesis looms large. To realize the full potential of RJ as an alternative philosophy of justice, restorative practices need to expand beyond the world of adolescent and small-level offenses into the deeper end of the justice system. Disciplinary hearings inside of adult prisons may be a strategic space to advance this expansion. This article presents findings from a study of prison discipline in four U.K. prisons. The findings strongly suggest that in their current form such disciplinary proceedings are viewed by prisoners as lacking in legitimacy. Although modeled after the adversarial system of the criminal court, the adjudications were instead universally derided as “kangaroo courts” lacking the basic elements of procedural justice. Based on these findings, we argue that RJ interventions may offer a viable redress to these problems of legitimacy which, if successful, would have ramifications that extend well beyond the prison walls.     

Police Misconduct,Media Coverage,and Public Perceptions of Racial Profiling: An Experiment

The purpose of this study was: (1) to assess the impact of an incident of racial profiling on residents’ attitudes about profiling; and (2) to examine the effects of exposure to a video clip of deliberation about the incident on residents’ beliefs about the causes of profiling. All residents, White and minority, were less likely to believe that Chicago police officers engaged in profiling after the incident. These findings suggest that attitudes about the prevalence of racial profiling are susceptible to the manner in which the media construct incidents of police misconduct. Exposure to the video clip was not related to differences in residents’ beliefs about the causes of profiling, but was related to differences in perceptions of the dangerousness of traffic stops. The findings highlight the need for more research on how media constructions of police misconduct influence attitudes about profiling and impact community–police relations.     

A Postconviction Mentality: Prosecutorial Assistance in Exoneration Cases

Prosecutors’ broad discretionary power has long been of interest to scholars, yet little is known about discretionary choices after conviction. This study addresses the gap by exploring prosecutors’ willingness to assist with exonerations. Using data from the National Registry of Exonerations (N = 1,610), the author identifies factors that influence prosecutorial assistance. Results from generalized ordered logistic regression models demonstrate that avoiding uncertainty and maintaining workgroup relationships drives decision-making. Findings indicate that prosecutors are less likely to support exonerations involving law enforcement or forensic misconduct, violent offenses, and inadequate legal defense and more likely to support exonerations involving innocence organizations, guilty pleas, and black and Hispanic defendants. These findings suggest that prosecutors’ interest in protecting professional reputations, maintaining relationships, and optimizing efficiency influences discretion in the postconviction stage just as in earlier stages of case processing.     

道路交通事故人身损害赔偿中的过失相抵

在道路交通事故人身损害赔偿案中,受害人对于自身损害的发生也有过失的,应当实行过失相抵。过失相抵的基本原则为强者负担更多损失原则,保护儿童、老人等弱者原则。对于机动车方具体承担的赔偿比例应根据机动车方和受害者的过失程度来决定。