行政问责：运行程序与制度模型

行政问责是对政府责任进行全面追究的一种监督机制。在日渐明晰的内涵、要素与功能的基础上,行政问责的规范效应的发挥与制度价值的实现最终有赖于一整套精确完备且有较强操作性的运行程序和制度模型,并实现行政性问责向程序性问责的实质性转变。根据我国现有的制度基础与行政生态,行政问责的制度模型应当包含行政失范行为的发现、政府责任的解释与评估、政府责任的追究以及行政问责的救济等若干运行环节。     

论格式合同的法律规制

格式合同是经济和社会发展的必然产物,是社会进步的标志。格式合同在形式上表现为预定性、不可协商性、格式合同是对古典契约自由理论的修正。格式合同的广泛应用归因于提高效率、节省成本、增进交易安全,但不容许相对人协商却影响了其自由意志、破坏了双方的利益均衡,导致合同不公正条款泛滥。因此,有必要对格式合同进行法律规制,以保护相对人利益,确保社会公平,以期建立公平的交易环境。     

公共服务型政府视角下的我国政府自身建设研究

要建立公共服务型政府,我国政府所面临的重要任务可归纳为以下四个方面：政府组织再造,提高服务能力;推动公共服务理念的合法化,实现监督机制创新;激发顾客服务需求,建构公共服务的动力机制;培育合作伙伴,拓展第三部门与其他社会组织的公共参与领域。     

论原因自由行为的可罚性

我国《刑法》第十八条规定：“醉酒的人犯罪,应当负刑事责任”,此规定被认为是类似于大陆法系中原因自由行为的立法例。所谓原因自由行为是指行为人故意或过失的使自己陷入无责任能力或限制责任能力状态而实施犯罪的行为,因其行为人的主观恶性和所具有的社会危害性理应对此行为进行处罚。但我国《刑法》第十八条的规定并不严谨,故此有必要在我国刑法中引入原因自由行为的概念。     

单位犯罪刑事责任的独立性

目前,学界关于单位犯罪的刑事责任理论基于对单位结构的不同认识以及刑法中对单位犯罪的双罚制和单罚制的规定而有失严谨。依据单位本质的独立人格性、单位意志的成员意志合力性及刑事责任的基本原则,可以肯定单位犯罪刑事责任的独立性。以此为基础,可以解决一人有限责任公司的刑法地位和单位实施的“非单位犯罪”的具体处理问题。另外可以把自然人本身视为“身份”来解决单位实施的“非单位犯罪”的认定问题。     

国家赔偿归责原则探讨——从执法责任追究机制的角度

当前的国家赔偿归责原则与执法责任追究之间存在某种紧张关系——国家赔偿实行违法归责原则,承担国家赔偿责任意味着存在违法,违法则要进行执法责任追究,因此对执法机关、对受害人、对落实国家赔偿制度都造成负面影响。为了既有利于规范国家机关及其公务人员的职权行为,又有利于消除归责原则与执法责任追究之间的紧张关系,重构国家赔偿归责原则,可以借鉴法国的国家赔偿法,建立以公务过错责任为主,以无过错责任为辅的归责原则体系。     

单位犯罪责任平衡问题

我国采用的是单位犯罪在前,责任人刑事责任在后的立法模式,而我国时于单位的处罚又与我国的立法模式不相适应,由此引起了单位犯罪中单位与个人责任的平衡与协调问题.对此,应该对我国的单位犯罪进行修改,如将单位犯罪的数额标准和自然人犯罪的数额标准规定为一样,将单位犯罪的规定普遍化,可以适用于所有的犯罪,责任人承担刑事责任的数额与单位犯罪的构罪数额相同等.     

Who is responsible? The effect of clarity of responsibility on voter turnout

Does voters’ ability to discern who is responsible for policy outcomes affect voter turnout? Although particular institutional arrangements which influence this ability – known as clarity of responsibility – appear to affect how voters form retrospective judgements, existing literature is less informed about its role on voter turnout. This article argues that voters tend to turn out less if they cannot discern who is responsible for policy outcomes. This lack of clarity hinders the process of retrospective evaluations, makes the electoral stakes less profound, and dampens the voters’ political efficacy. Using 396 elections in 34 established democracies between 1960 and 2015, it is found that lower clarity of responsibility is associated with lower voter turnout. This study highlights the importance of clarity of responsibility, as it enhances democratic accountability, not only by encouraging retrospective voting, but also by increasing political participation.     

Timespacing competence: multilingual children's linguistic worlds

Drawing on Kramsch's conceptualization of the multilingual subject and the symbolic self, in this paper, we explore how multilingual children re-signify three intertwined myths about the bilingual student, linguistic diversity and language competence, when, in the researcher-generated activity My linguistic world 2014, they are invited to map and talk about their lived experiences as multiple language users seen in the light of place and movement. By demythifying themselves and their linguistic worlds, the children also raise important questions about the notion of linguistic competence. By perceiving competences from a subjective child perspective, we learn how children do what we call timespacing competence. On that basis, we suggest paying attention to how children themselves timespace competence by focusing (more consistently) on the subjective, social, spatial and temporal dimensions of (knowing) language.     

Morality and Competence in Shaping the Images of Political Leaders

Psychological models of forming impressions about other people assume that this process is strictly connected with social categorization. Therefore, it is clear that the results of many studies show that the evaluations of other people are based on two crucial and separable criteria: morality and competence. Obviously morality and competence are two fundamental and distinct dimensions of the perception of politicians. These dimensions substantially influence voters’ behavior toward politicians and are clearly visible both in the preelection polls as well as in the scientific analyses concerning forming the images of politicians. The evaluations of politicians on the morality and competence dimensions are central in forming the interpersonal attitudes in which the dominant elements are affect and respect toward the evaluated person. Consequently, affect and respect are crucial factors in establishing the support of candidates for political offices. The morality and competence dimensions trigger the causal structures in the voter's mind in which formed attitude creates affect and respect, which determine voting behavior.