集体滥用行政权之防范

集体滥用行政权是行政机关以集体之名义作出的表面上合法、实质上严重违法的以权谋私行为,具有欺骗性和巨大的破坏力。行政主体之本位性、行政权力之专制性、对行政权力的法律监督之滞后性,是集体滥用行政权存在的主要诱因。防范集体滥用行政权,有必要科学配置行政权、健全行政公开,并完善对抽象行政行为的司法审查机制。     

中国死刑复核程序的检讨与改进

1980年以来,部分死刑案件核准权被下放使死刑复核程序名存实亡,立法上的疏漏和诉讼构造的缺失造成死刑复核程序难以起到最后的程序保障作用。试就完善立法、收回死刑核准权和改进死刑复核程序等三个方面的问题进行分析和探讨。     

公诉审查略式程序研究--省略我国审查起诉程序的思考

公诉审查程序以防止无根据的追诉和审判,防止国家公诉权滥用,保障犯罪嫌疑人权利为要.但不利于提高诉讼效率,保障犯罪嫌疑人获得迅速审判的权利.因此各国都规定在一定条件下,可以省略公诉审查程序.目前我国任何案件进入审判程序都必须经过审查起诉程序.因此,应当规定可能判处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者单处罚金的案件,如果证据确实充分且犯罪嫌疑人同意简化公诉审查程序的,经检察机关同意,可以省略审查起诉程序.     

Judicial Review,Irrationality, and the Legitimacy of Merits-Review

The definition of the irrationality ground of judicial review recognises the constitutional principle of the separation of powers, in allowing for judicial control of the executive only very rarely. The author in a previous article in this study found that the courts, on occasions, had intervened in circumstances where administrative decisions arguably were not irrational. To this end, the purpose of this article is to assess the constitutionality of these seemingly low standards of irrationality. The author does so by reference either to the manner of review employed—the use of the proportionality principle, for example—or the context of the administrative decision under scrutiny, such as the infringement of the applicant’s fundamental rights. The author finds that the cases from the previous article where low standards of irrationality were arguably adopted were, in fact, legitimate according to these chosen methods of evaluation. However, this is an interim conclusion because, for reasons of word length, the author is unable to complete a full assessment here. It is therefore proposed that a subsequent article will continue to examine the constitutionality of these cases. Furthermore, the author will also try and establish a zone of executive decision-making, for reasons of democracy, where the courts are excluded from irrationality review. If the author is unsuccessful in this regard, the final conclusion of this study will inevitably be that low standards of judicial intervention exist without limit—a clear assault on the constitutional principle stated above.

Do a Law’s Policy Implications Affect Beliefs About Its Constitutionality? An Experimental Test

Although a substantial empirical literature has found associations between judges' political orientation and their judicial decisions, the nature of the relationship between policy preferences and constitutional reasoning remains unclear. In this experimental study, law students were asked to determine the constitutionality of a hypothetical law, where the policy implications of the law were manipulated while holding all legal evidence constant. The data indicate that, even with an incentive to select the ruling best supported by the legal evidence, liberal participants were more likely to overturn laws that decreased taxes than laws that increased taxes. The opposite pattern held for conservatives. The experimental manipulation significantly affected even those participants who believed their policy preferences had no influence on their constitutional decisions.     

高度近视者眼球结构及其功能变化的法医学意义

高度近视者眼球可发生一系列不可逆的组织形态学改变。其中,眼轴、角膜曲率、前房深度、眼底形态、黄斑神经上皮厚度等改变与眼球的屈光状态及视觉功能有着密切的关系,玻璃体混浊、玻璃体脱离、白内障、青光眼、后巩膜葡萄肿、视网膜脱离等并发症的发生率也随着近视屈光度数的加深而增高。越来越多的研究表明高度近视者视觉功能改变是上述多种结构变化共同作用的结果。因此有望通过应用多项检查方法观察高度近视者眼球的结构变化,并根据这些变化分析评估高度近视者视觉功能的损害程度,为法医学评价眼部外伤与疾病的关系以及眼外伤的司法鉴定提供支持和依据。     

论俄罗斯宪法法院对公民基本权利的保障

宪法诉讼是现代保障公民基本权利最为有效的方式。在俄罗斯,履行宪法诉讼职能的机构是宪法法院。实践中,宪法法院主要依托宪法诉愿制度,适用蕴含比例原则的俄罗斯宪法第55条第3款作为审查基准保障公民基本权利。此外,宪法法院还常在判决中援引国际条约和欧洲人权法院判例,其目的是用先进的权利保障标准来要求和促进俄罗斯的公民基本权利保障。     

消费信用法研究的回顾、反思与展望

金融危机背景下,回顾与展望我国消费信用法研究与相关立法具有重要的理论与现实意义。如今消费信用立法已经成为世界性立法现象。消费信用立法应将保障消费者权益作为基本原则,综合调整贷款信用和销售信用关系,加强对消费信用先合同义务与合并条款的规制。所以,深入研究国外立法,借鉴国外经验,结合我国消费信用发展现状和传统消费文化,制定《中华人民共和国消费信用法》是非常必要和迫切的。     

对过度维权行为的刑法评价

过度维权行为从性质上讲,属于行使权利范畴。行使权利通常是不会构成犯罪的。但如果在行使权利过程中,超出了不得损害他人合法利益和社会利益这一边界时,其行为已不是行使权利而是滥用权利行为,滥用权利可以构成犯罪。对过度维权行为的刑法评价：一是行为人所主张权利超出权利范围,但在手段合法的场合,属于行使权利行为,不构成犯罪;二是行为人所主张的权利没有超出权利范围,但在手段不合法的场合,可能构成财产罪以外的其他犯罪;三是行为人所主张的权利超出权利范围,且在手段非法的场合,则构成敲诈勒索罪。     

烧骨个体识别的研究进展

烧骨DNA检测在火灾、焚尸、爆炸等事故中的个体识别和亲权鉴定方面,发挥着越来越重要的作用。STR作为重要的遗传标记系统,已广泛应用于法医学个体识别、亲权鉴定等领域。本文从焚烧温度及时间对烧骨STR分型的影响、烧骨STR基因座的选择和烧骨DNA的提取方法三个方面结合目前的研究进展进行了概述。