外交决策的微观认知视角--对杰维斯认知理论的几点评价和思考

杰维斯的《国际政治中的知觉与错误知觉》是运用认知理论从微观层次研究国际政治的重要著作。他引入了“知觉”这一心理学概念,探讨了知觉以及错觉因素对国际政治的影响,从而为人们打开了决策“黑匣子”的一个运作机制及过程。他的理论精致到细微之处,对于学术研究和外交决策实践具有很大的现实意义和借鉴意义。但是,像所有的理论一样,杰维斯的认知理论也有不足之处,本文将主要对此不足与局限作一梳理和评价,并提出一些建议和想法。     

Can We Have a Public Bioethic?

This essay examines the viability of a publically held, articulated, and enacted bioethic in America's democratic regime. The essay takes the writings of several thinkers associated with the President's Council on Bioethics as its point of departure. The essay draws attention to some of the enduring moral, political, religious, and intellectual currents inherent in American civil society that will continue to provide both resources for and obstacles to any publicly held bioethic in America.

Edward Gough Whitlam, 1916–2014: An Assessment of His Political Significance

Gough Whitlam’s political significance lies in the first instance in his leading the Australian Labor Party into office at federal level in December 1972 after 23 years in opposition. As prime minister he instituted wide-ranging domestic reforms expanding the involvement of the Commonwealth government into many areas affecting the lives of ordinary Australians. He faced a declining economic situation and a parliamentary opposition determined to impede his reforms; the blocking of supply in the Senate culminated in Whitlam’s dismissal by the governor-general on 11 November 1975. In foreign policy, Whitlam repositioned Australia as an active middle power. His opening to China coincided with the Sino-American normalisation, leading to a new direction in Australian foreign policy that gained momentum in subsequent years; the fundamentals of the Australian relationship with the United States remained intact. Whitlam was motivated by a vision of ‘positive equality’ in government services as the basis of social democracy. From a contemporary perspective there is less faith in the efficacy of government action than was the case with Whitlam. His government bears comparison with the great reform governments in the Australian Labor tradition, as well as in Canada, the United Kingdom, and even the United States.