数字治理对城市政府善治的影响研究

新公共管理运动和信息技术的发展推动了城市政府治理模式的变革“,善治”成为城市政府治理模式进化的方向。同时,在信息技术和电子政务的推动下,数字治理应运而生,成为信息社会实现城市政府善治的新思路。在对城市政府善治和数字治理进行全面阐释的基础上,构造数字治理环境下城市治理主体互动模式模型、城市网络治理结构模型;结合善治和城市政府善治的基本要素,对数字治理在城市政府善治中的作用进行了深入探讨。研究表明,数字治理借助其强大的技术优势,能形成良好的网络治理结构,加固城市政府善治的合法性基础,增强城市政府的透明性与回应性,明确城市治理主体的责任性,从而能够构建有效的城市政府善治机制,成为数字时代城市政府善治的理想选择。     

刑事照相全过程数码化

当今,我国各地公安机关刑事技术部门都已经逐步实现了刑事照相全过程数码化。数码相机的优点使得其被广泛运用于刑事案件的现场照相、物证照相和辨认照相中,而数码案件照片则可利用Photoshop等图像处理软件来对其进行后期的编排和处理,亦可巧用Photoshop软件,轻松地将数码痕迹图像处理为所需用比例物证检验照片。将数码照相技术与指纹自动识别系统相连接,使数码指纹照片直接进入指纹自动识别系统中进行校验比对,“锁定”作案者指纹。     

浅谈数码影像证据在刑事诉讼中的运用

数码影像技术日趋成熟,其应用的领域也越来越广泛,我国公安、司法机关在实践中应用数码影像证据的实例也在增多.它在各类刑事案件中,对揭露犯罪、证实犯罪和打击犯罪发挥着越来越大的作用.然而,数码影像具有易伪造、易修改的特点,人们对数码影像技术还存在着一定的怀疑态度.如何有效保证数码影像证据在刑事诉讼中的运用就显得极为关键.     

Performance of forensic facial comparison by morphological analysis across optimal and suboptimal CCTV settings

Facial comparison is an important yet understudied discipline in forensics. The recommended method for facial comparison in a forensic setting involves morphological analysis (MA) with the use of a facial feature list. The performance of this approach has not been tested across various closed-circuit television (CCTV) conditions. This is of particular concern as video and image data available to law enforcement is often varied and of subpar conditions. The present study aimed at testing MA across two types of CCTV data, representing ideal and less than ideal settings, also assessing which particular shortcomings arose from less-than-ideal settings. The study was conducted on a subset of the Wits Face Database arranged in a total of 225 face pools. Each face pool consisted of a target image obtained from either a high-definition digital CCTV camera or a low-definition analogue CCTV camera in monochrome, contrasted to 10 possible matches. The face pools were analysed and scored using MA and confusion matrices were used to analyse the outcomes. A notably high chance corrected accuracy (CCA) (97.3%) and reliability (0.969) was identified across the digital CCTV sample, while in the analogue CCTV sample MA appeared to underperform both in accuracy (CCA: 33.1%) and reliability (0.529). The majority of the errors in scoring resulted in false negatives in the analogue sample (75.2%), while across both CCTV conditions false positives were low (digital: 0.3%; analogue: 1.2%). Even though hit rates appeared deceptively high in the analogue sample, the various measures of performance used and particularly the chance corrected accuracy highlighted its shortfalls. Overall, CCTV recording quality appears closely associated to MA performance, despite the favourable error rates when using the Facial Identification Scientific Working Group feature list.     

“数字税”全球治理改革的共识与冲突——基于实验主义治理的解释

数字经济全球化背景下的税收改革不仅体现为传统税收原则的失效与调整,更体现为传统税收治理体系的改革与变迁。有害税收竞争、税收规避等新治理挑战的凸显,使得旨在解决“多重征税”问题的传统税收治理体系难以为继。经合组织推动下的国际税收秩序改革共识与各国单边主义征税行为共同构成了当前“数字税”全球治理改革的复杂图景。如何对并行存在的共识与冲突提供整体性的理论解释框架,以分析不同机制的相互影响关系,既是全球治理理论发展并应用于具体领域的需要,也是实践方面探索“数字税”未来改革进程、实现多边共识的必要前提。文章基于全球税收治理体系演变历史的回顾与逻辑的梳理,总结了国际组织和各国参与“数字税”全球治理改革进程的多重行为,进而以实验主义治理为理论分析框架,从框架性目标设定、政策学习过程、改变现状机制这三个方面为“数字税”全球治理改革进程提供了整体解释。本研究不仅有助于全面理解“数字税”全球治理改革进程的复杂机制,也有助于为我国数字经济全球化战略提供政策参考。     

刑事诉讼中图像电子证据的举证、质证和认证

在日常生活和刑事侦查、刑事审判中,电子形式的图像证据已经成为主流,因而应对这种与传统图像证据截然不同的新兴证据形态,必须从证据规则、证明过程等角度进行全新的探索。图像电子证据的证据能力和证明力的认定,具有鲜明的技术特征,为证据规则和刑事证明的理论提供了新鲜的内容。     

Challenges in digital forensics

Abstract

Various terms have been used to describe the intersection between computing technology and violations of the law-including computer crime, electronic crime, and cybercrime. While there remains little agreement on terminology, most experts agree that the use of electronic devices to commit crime has increased dramatically and is now commonplace. It is the role of the digital investigator to bring cybercriminals to justice. Cybercrime however differs from traditional crime and presents a variety of unique challenges including the variety of electronic devices available, amount of data produced by these devices, the absence of standard practices and guidelines for analyzing that data, the lack qualified personnel to perform investigations and the lack of resources to provide on-going training. This paper examines these challenges     

Forensic investigation framework for the document store NoSQL DBMS: MongoDB as a case study

The NoSQL DBMS provides an efficient means of storing and accessing big data because its servers are more easily horizontally scalable and replicable than relational DBMSs. Its data model lacks a fixed schema, so that users can easily dynamically change the data model of applications. These characteristics of the NoSQL DBMS mean that it is increasingly used in real-time analysis, web services such as SNS, mobile apps and the storage of machine generated data such as logs and IoT (Internet of Things) data. Although the increased usage of the NoSQL DBMS increases the possibility of it becoming a target of crime, there are few papers about forensic investigation of NoSQL DBMS.In this paper, we propose a forensic investigation framework for the document store NoSQL DBMS. It is difficult to cover all of the NoSQL DBMS, as 'NoSQL' includes several distinct architectures; our forensic investigation framework, however, is focused on the document store NoSQL DBMS. In order to conduct an evaluative case study, we need to apply it to MongoDB, which is, a widely used document store NoSQL DBMS. For this case study, a crime scenario is created in an experimental environment, and then we propose in detail a forensic procedure and technical methods for MongoDB. We suggested many substantial technical investigation methods for MongoDB, including identifying real servers storing evidences in a distributed environment and transaction reconstruction method, using log analysis and recovering deleted data from the MongoDB data file structure.     

Local aid workers in the digital humanitarian project: between “second class citizens” and “entrepreneurial survivors”

This paper examines the experiences of Filipino workers recruited for technology and communications work by international aid agencies involved in the Typhoon Haiyan response. Filipino workers, many of whom were personally coping with the social and economic impact of this disaster, were hired on short-term contracts to test and implement various digital humanitarian innovations such as feedback and hazard mapping technological platforms. These workers were doubly marginalized: first, as tech workers whose work was viewed by aid officers on the ground as less substantial than that of food or shelter programs; and second, as local voices often drowned out by national and international colleagues. Moving beyond the usual figure of the cosmopolitan and adventure-seeking Western humanitarian acting on distant suffering, this paper draws attention to local aid workers’ aspirations for personal and professional mobility as they seize novel opportunities opened up by the digital humanitarian agenda. It outlines how the digital humanitarian project’s ambition to facilitate the inclusion of disaster-affected communities is fundamentally undermined by labor arrangements that doubly marginalize local aid workers.     

“Untouchable” cellphones? Old caste exclusions and new digital divides in peri-urban Bangalore

This paper presents a fresh perspective on the complicated relationship between digital communication technologies and historically disadvantaged castes such as Dalits in peri-urban Bangalore (Bengaluru), India, a city popularly perceived as India’s “Silicon Valley.” Based on interviews with Dalit household members, entrepreneurs, and political activists, the study examines whether mobile phones have been insufficiently harnessed by Dalits in the region to overcome historic deprivation, or whether they may have even assisted in the reinforcement of caste-based exclusion. The paper uses oral histories and draws from feminist perspectives on technology to demonstrate how the contemporary socio-technological outcomes among Dalits in peri-urban south Bangalore is a result of a convergence between three elements – the durability of caste in peri-urban metropolitan India, the social construction of the usage of information communication technologies (ICTs), and myopia in the conventional understanding of the digital divide in India. In the process of disentangling this convergence, the paper offers a new perspective on the relationship between caste, ICTs, and development policy. The paper ultimately argues for a re-examination of the idea of a digital divide and the development assumption that access to new technologies will further positive development outcomes.