Marriage,work, and social reproduction in one area of southern Europe at the end of the 18th century: Lorca (1797)

In this article, the process of social reproduction has been analyzed in Lorca, a municipality in the western Mediterranean region of Murcia (Spain) at the end of the 18th century. An exhaustive subset of the data from the local Godoy's census (1797) was used consisting of 29,875 individuals living in a total of 7566 households. This population was distributed between the town, the Huerta (the Murcian irrigated market garden community), and the countryside. Results confirmed, on the one hand, that a direct relationship existed between higher social status and size of household, with a higher number of older children in the households of land-owning farmers than of tenant farmers or day workers. More children in higher status households indicate that children left home later, and therefore inheritance problems rose, which influenced social reproduction within these groups. Spatially, a clear division can be found between the countryside with more male work-hands and a higher index of male activity and the Huerta with a certain female dominance.     

Household structures in Albania in the early 20th century

This article attempts to shed light on household structures in Albania based on the census of 1918. Quantitative data enable the investigation of patterns of household formation and marriage in a region where such research previously has been missing. The results confirm eastern European marriage patterns for women but not for men in Albania. Northern Albania lies in the core zone of the Balkan patriarchy and joint family households have prevailed in rural Albania, despite a tendency toward frequent divisions of households among brothers. Most important, there existed a great variety of types of households in different villages in Albania in 1918.     

PROTECTING OUR CHILDREN FROM SEX OFFENDERS: HAVE WE GONE TOO FAR?

On July 27, 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush signed into law the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. This federal statute was created to serve as a tougher, more modern improvement of its predecessor in the ongoing effort to protect children from dangerous sexual predators. However, the Act did not amend the controversial federal mandate that all 50 states include the crimes of kidnapping and false imprisonment against a minor, committed by a nonparent, and without any sexual motivation or misconduct, as a crime requiring a wrongdoer to register as a sex offender. This Note demonstrates how the kidnapping and false imprisonment requirements of the Adam Walsh Act have led to a misuse of state sex offender registries to the detriment of the children they claim to protect. The solution that this Note proposes will provide each individual state with the freedom to decide how, if at all, these contentious offenses will fit into its sex offender registry, taking into consideration the state's unique statutory language, available child protective resources, and constitutional limitations. As a result, petty criminals who do not pose any real or specific threat to children will no longer be grouped with the most dangerous and violent sexual predators, child protective funds will be better utilized, and the public's attention will be refocused on the real threats to children, thereby satisfying the spirit and purpose of the Adam Walsh Act.     

2000年以来户籍制度改革的基本评估与政策分析——21世纪以来中国城镇化进程中的户籍制度改革问题研究之一

中国城乡二元户籍制度的建立和形成,是新中国第一波工业化的产物.虽然在历史上曾支持了中国工业化的最初起步,但付出的社会成本极大,既显失公平,也丧失了效益,违背了现代化发展的一般规律和社会主义的平等原则.在保障实施重工业优先发展的工业化战略的同时,也迟滞了城市化的进程,形成了社会城乡二元结构的诸多深层次问题.在中国改革开放后,随着市场经济为导向的第二波工业化进程的推进,城镇化步骤加快,对城乡二元户籍制度形成了强烈的冲击.进入21世纪以来,中国的发展水平已达到了工业化中期.在推进第三波工业化过程中,作为城镇化战略的重要内容,国家进一步推动了城镇户籍改革,并取得了突破性的进展,城镇化和工业化的发展落差渐趋平衡.随着户籍改革的深入,在户籍制度背后的一些深层次问题也逐步显性化了,涉及方方面面的利益调整.因此,户籍改革必须在统筹兼顾中稳步推进,与新农村建设的城乡政策相配套,全面破除城乡二元结构的利益壁垒.     

我国户籍制度的宪法学批判 ——兼议社会主义新农村建设的制度环境

我国户籍制度的初衷基本上顺应当时社会形势和计划经济体制的要求,有一定必要性和合理性,但在演进过程中其功能被人为异化了,它侵害了农民的宪法权益,也与平等、自由、公正的宪法理念背道而驰,它是"三农"问题的制度根源,是社会主义新农村建设的制度障碍,我们必须以宪政的眼光重新审视并改革之.     

Crossing the boundary: Peasants, shepherds, and servants in a western Alpine community

In the historical and anthropological literature, western Alps servants were widely assumed to be few in number, and the importance of the institution of service therefore negligible. This study combines historical-demographic and ethnographic methods to investigate whether this was true of a community in the Italian western Alps with a mixed population of peasants and transhumant shepherds. Surprisingly, a valuable 1951 census reveals that seemingly small numbers hide what was actually a normal phase in the life course of peasant sons whom shepherds recruited to work as servants. Distinct patterns of life-cycle and lifetime service seem to have coexisted in the same community. The evidence also confirms that in southern Europe, as some recent studies have pointed out, the institution of service often was not just the circulation of young men and women between households but an asymmetrical exchange between different socioeconomic groups. Otherwise rigid social and cultural boundaries were thereby crossed.     

新形势下强化户政管理工作的新理念——以重庆市为视角

随着治安格局的剧烈变化和利益关系的深刻调整,户政管理工作对于维护社会稳定,保障公民合法权益,促进社会和经济发展具有重大意义。要调整、完善和加强户政管理工作,使之更好地为和谐社会建设服务,必须站在加强公安基层基础工作的高度来重视户政管理的地位,从社会管理创新的角度看户政管理的任务,从构建和谐社会的角度看户政管理的作为,树立起＂主动型户政＂、＂信息化户政＂、＂规范型户政＂和＂社会化户政＂的理念。     

在家庭中开展毒品预防教育的必要性及可行性

近年来,我国青少年吸毒人数增长较快,吸毒产生的危害性已成为社会普遍关注的问题。青少年吸毒成瘾与社会环境、人格养成和家庭背景等多种因素密切相关,其中家庭因素是可能导致青少年吸毒成瘾的主要因素,也是可能导致青少年产生其他问题行为的因素。因此,在家庭中开展预防药物滥用的工作将会对青少年其他的风险行为产生有益的影响。本文通过探讨易产生青少年吸毒问题的家庭行为特点及其影响因素,试图对家庭有针对性地开展毒品的预防和教育工作提供一点积极的建议和参考,这将对我国毒品预防教育的全面开展具有重要的意义。     

Prisoners with psychosis in England and Wales: diversion to psychiatric inpatient services?

The prevalence of psychosis among prisoners in England and Wales is ten times that in the household population and UK government policy is that prisoners should receive equivalent care to those in the community. This study investigated the implications of policy to divert more from the criminal justice system for psychiatric treatment. Psychotic prisoners were compared with psychotic persons in households and with other prisoners in two surveys of psychiatric morbidity in representative samples of the UK population. Psychotic prisoners were younger, more from ethnic minorities, with comorbid anxiety, substance misuse, ASPD, and childhood behavioural problems compared to psychotic persons in households. Less than a third had received previous inpatient treatment. Psychotic prisoners had similar criminal histories and higher psychopathy scores than non-psychopathic prisoners. Diversion is unfeasible without improved screening for psychosis and increasing bed numbers at higher levels of security to accommodate more patients who would pose high risk to the public. Future research should investigate why UK psychiatric services fail to identify psychotic prisoners and provide aftercare.