试述法律职业共同体的概念及特征

法律职业共同体问题,是法治理论与实践中“人”的因素问题,重视法律职业共同体理论研究,是我国实施依法治国方略,推进法治化进程的现实需要。本文以法律职业共同体为研究对象,循着职业、法律职业,共同体、法律职业共同体的研究路径,借鉴中外学者对法律职业共同体的研究成果,对法律职业共同体进行了初步探讨,以科学阐释法律职业共同体概念及特征,推动我国法律职业共同体建构为宗旨。     

SCHOOLS AS COMMUNITIES: THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG COMMUNAL SCHOOL ORGANIZATION,STUDENT BONDING,AND SCHOOL DISORDER*

Research has indicated that school factors such as communal school organization and student bonding are predictive of school disorder, with greater communal organization and greater student bonding leading to less delinquency and victimization. Data from a nationally representative sample of 254 public, nonalternative, secondary schools were used to examine structural equation models representing hypothesized relationships among communal school organization, student bonding, and school disorder. The hypothesis that communally organized schools would have less disorder held true for teacher victimization and student delinquency, but not for student victimization. In addition, the hypothesis that the relationship between communal school organization and school disorder would be mediated by student bonding was supported for student delinquency, but not for teacher victimization.     

社区教育初探

随着社会的发展,社区教育越来越受到人们的重视.社区教育具有教育目标多重性、教育对象的全面性、教育内容的广泛性、教育方式的灵活性等特点;社区教育能促进社区发展,要有效开展社区教育,必须加强政府的重视,充分利用各种教育资源,合理开发教育课程,建立高水平的社区教育工作者队伍.     

浅探我国法律援助制度的科学发展

法律援助制度是我国保护“弱势群体”的最后也是最有力的救济手段,它的内涵以及它制定的最终目标都体现出“以人为本”、实现“可持续发展”这一主题。它在我国取得了迅速的发展,也在为“弱势群体”提供法律服务方面取得了显著成绩。但是目前,我国的法律援助工作仍面临着许多困难,存在着许多不足,本文主要探讨如何去加以科学的发展和完善。     

浅析办理治安案件中存在的问题及对策

《治安管理处罚法》和《公安机关办理行政案件程序规定》施行以来,公安机关在办理治安案件中存在鱼龙混杂、画蛇添足、张冠李戴、因循守旧、玩忽职守和虎头蛇尾等问题。要进行"矫治",就必须加强学习,端正态度,更新观念,强化指导并细化制度。     

COMMUNITY ACCOUNTABILITY,MINORITY THREAT,AND POLICE BRUTALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS*

A growing body of evidence shows that minorities are disproportionately the targets of police brutality, but important theoretical questions about the causes of that inequity remain unanswered. One promising line of research involves structural‐level analyses of the incidence of police brutality complaints; however, existing studies do not incorporate variables from alternative theoretical explanations. Drawing on the community accountability hypothesis and the threat hypothesis, we tested the predictions of two prominent structural‐level explanations of police brutality in a study of civil rights criminal complaints. The study included cities of 150,000+ population (n = 114). The findings reveal that two community accountability variables—ratio percent Hispanic citizens to percent Hispanic police officers and the presence of citizen review—were related positively to police brutality complaints, partially supporting that perspective. Two threat hypothesis measures of threatening people—percent black and percent Hispanic (in the Southwest)—were related positively to complaints, as predicted. The relative degree of support for the two hypotheses is assessed.     

NO COMMUNITY IS AN ISLAND: THE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE DEPRIVATION ON URBAN VIOLENCE IN SPATIALLY AND SOCIALLY PROXIMATE COMMUNITIES*

The link between resource deprivation and urban violence has long been explored in criminological research. Studies, however, have largely ignored the potential for resource deprivation in particular communities to affect rates of violence in others. The relative inattention is notable because of the strong theoretical grounds to anticipate influences that extend both to geographically contiguous areas and to those that, though not contiguous, share similar social characteristics. We argue that such influences—what we term spatial and social proximity effects, respectively—constitute a central feature of community dynamics. To support this argument, we develop and test theoretically derived hypotheses about spatial and social proximity effects of resource deprivation on aggregated and disaggregated homicide counts. Our analyses indicate that local area resource deprivation contributes to violence in socially proximate communities, an effect that, in the case of instrumental homicides, is stronger when such communities are spatially proximate. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories focused on community‐level social processes and violence, and for policies aimed at reducing crime in disadvantaged areas.     

治安管理处罚中引入社区服务令制度可行性研究

随着行刑社会化、行刑轻缓化及恢复性司法理论的不断发展,社区服务令制度得到国际社会的广泛认同,并被很多国家引入作为针对轻罪的行刑方法。社区服务令制度不仅在刑事司法领域具有重要的制度价值,在行政处罚领域也有大可为之处。当前,可行之处是将社区服务令制度纳入治安管理处罚领域,需要对其在概念上重新进行界定,在此基础上构建一套符合我国国情的社区服务令制度。     

社区矫正的适用问题

社区矫正符合行刑个别化、轻缓、谦抑的思想而为各国广泛采用,但在其适用方面,问题较多。比较社区矫正制度的适用情况,司法机关的社区矫正施行权符合分权与牵制的思想,对于落实狭义的司法权也有裨益。但是公安机关依法享有的部分施行权也应当保障,将社区矫正工作和公安机关社区警务的推进结合起来可使社区矫正工作更为经济,也更有保障。     

我国城市社区建设探析——以南京市鼓楼区社区建设为分析个案

随着我国政治经济体制改革的不断深入和城市化进程的加速,城市社区在社会发展和现代化建设中的地位和作用日益凸显,城市社区建设已经成为中国社会发展中的一个战略性问题.作为全国社区建设实验区,南京鼓楼区在社区建设中以其突出的特点,为全国城市社区建设的运行机制及模式提供了值得借鉴的成功经验.