Early traumatization and psychopathy in female and male juvenile offenders

Childhood traumatization is expected to have a significant impact on the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in adulthood. Psychopathy as a syndrome that can predict future violent and aggressive behavior in adults is therefore believed to be associated with early traumatization. The association between early childhood victimization and violence might at least be mediated through psychopathy. The present study examined the relationship between early emotional, physical or sexual trauma and neglect and psychopathy in incarcerated delinquent female and male juveniles using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Psychopathy Checklist—Youth Version (PCL-YV). A sample of detained adolescents (n = 185) was compared to adolescent students (n = 98). Also, gender differences were analyzed with respect to the association of trauma and psychopathy. As expected, our analyses revealed higher scores of traumatization in delinquent juveniles compared to school adolescents. Hypothesized relationships between physical traumatization and the PCL-YV total score could be confirmed among criminal boys, but not among delinquent girls. Results, therefore, indicated that an association exists between early physical, but also emotional traumatic experience and psychopathy in detained boys. In girls, however, other family-related variables, such as non-parental living arrangements, seemed to be more influential in developing the psychopathy syndrome than traumatization.     

韩国盘索哩与中国鼓词比较论

韩国盘索哩与中国鼓词，最初都是由盲艺人负鼓在各村落之间流动说唱，因此二者除具备讲唱艺术的一般特性——即韵散结合说唱交错的表演方式、第三人称代言体、文学脚本的多重创作、道具的类似性之外，至少在三个方面具有亲缘性：其一，伴奏方式的相似及表演程式的类同。即以鼓为主要伴奏乐器，后期加入三弦、伽铘琴等弦乐伴奏；表演之前都有定场诗，且多使用夸张铺陈的夸赞体；其二，传承发展的相近。二者都经历了早期在乡村的长篇说唱到城市之后的摘唱，以及成熟之后与小说的影响和反影响；其三，承载思想的同一。二者产生的文化土壤都是儒家伦理体制内的庶民阶层，因此都具有乐天知命的性格；佛教带来的轮回报应思想，形成了二者共同的劝善惩恶主题。     

Making space for a new role – gender differences in identity changes in couples transitioning to parenthood

Changes in life roles reflect the process of reorganization of identity, which is an important component of adaptation during transition to parenthood. During this family transition gender differences are significant. Despite the fact that in Western societies women and men are encouraged to share family and work responsibilities, female self-concept is more strongly associated with motherhood, whereas men still highly value the role of a breadwinner. Therefore, relative perceived and desired salience, and directly assessed importance of main life roles (a spouse, a worker and a parent) before and after the birth of the child were examined. One hundred and eighty-seven couples participated in the study. The perceived (relative and directly assessed), and relative desired salience of a parental role increased after the child’s birth in both genders. Women valued the parent role higher than men who deemed the worker role more salient to their identity after the child’s birth. Spouse identity seemed to be created in the couple itself as both partners assessed it similarly. Inclusion of couples and repeated measurement of all variables allowed for the analysis of complex changes in self-perceptions in transitions to motherhood and fatherhood.     

WORK,INCOME SUPPORT,AND CRIME IN THE DUTCH WELFARE STATE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY FOLLOWING VULNERABLE YOUTH INTO ADULTHOOD

Life‐course criminological research has consistently suggested that employment can reduce criminal behavior. However, it is unclear whether the financial aspects of employment or the social control that inheres in employment best explains the relationship between employment and reduced offending. By using longitudinal information on a sample of men and women (N = 540) who were institutionalized in a Dutch juvenile justice institution in the 1990s, this study examines the effects of employment as well as the different types of income support on crime. Random‐ and fixed‐effects models show that for men, both work and income support are associated with a reduction in the rate of offending. For women, however, although employment is correlated with a lower offending rate, receiving income support, and in particular disability benefits, is correlated with a higher offending rate. The findings support both theories that stress the financial motivation for crime as well as theories that emphasize the importance of informal social control for reducing offending.     

Citizens’ perceptions of the courts: The impact of race, gender, and recent experience

This study examined the influences of race, gender, and recent court experience on citizens’ perceptions of the courts in their communities. Using national survey data collected in 2000, this research assessed variation in perceptions of the courts along four dimensions: differential treatment, fair procedure and outcome, concern and respect, and overall evaluation. The results showed that racial minorities, including Blacks and Latinos, were more likely than Whites to have negative attitudes toward the courts. While race is generally a better predictor than gender, the interaction between gender and race is important in understanding citizen’s perceptions of the courts. Citizens who have recent personal contact with the courts tend to rate the courts less favorable than those who have no recent contact. Citizens’ opinions of the police and equal opportunity are also significantly related to their perceptions of the courts. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.     

文化差异对外语写作中语篇构建和思维模式的影响

本文以国外学者对语篇构建以及思维模式的论述为对照,对四川外语学院三个班的本科一年级学生和一个研究生班的学生进行分组调查。统计结果分析表明,文化差异对学生的思维模式以及他们在写作过程中的语篇组织都有很大的影响。要以此来使学生注意到这种差异,从而对西方的思维模式和语篇构建方式进行有效的模仿,才能写出更地道的英语作文。     

统一战线与宽容

伴随着改革开放的深入和社会主义市场经济的发展,社会的多样性和差异性特征更加突出,利益关系和社会矛盾日趋复杂。在错综复杂的社会背景下,营造一个宽容的社会环境,是构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求。而统一战线的本质特征、工作原则和工作方法无不渗透着“宽容”的魅力,必然在构建社会主义和谐社会中发挥作用。     

关于俄罗斯远东中国移民问题的思考

中国移民最早出现在远东是19世纪70年代中叶,20世纪90年代中国移民在远东重新出现。随着中国移民的出现,“中国威胁论”等反华言论也逐渐在远东蔓延开来。中国经济的飞速发展与前苏联解体后俄罗斯经济的持续滑坡所形成的鲜明对比,导致了俄罗斯人的失衡心理,这是远东“中国威胁论”产生的主要根源。此外,前苏联解体后,远东人口形势和地缘政治环境的变化、中俄两国人民血缘和文化的差异以及历史上的恩怨也是“中国威胁论”产生的重要原因。