新就业形态的不确定性：平台资本空间中的数字劳动及其反思

在数字技术迅猛发展的影响下，以信息通信技术为支撑的灵活就业形态应运而生，平台资本空间中的数字劳动就是新就业形态的具体表征之一。它的一些共性特征表现为：灵活的时空安排与严苛的多重控制、情感的货币化与制式化的情感、低门槛与去劳动技能化、泛雇佣关系化与去劳动关系化。平台数字劳动在缓解劳动力市场矛盾和传播公共价值方面产生了影响，并且正在推动劳动法规与劳动保障制度的升级。尽管有许多积极因素，但新就业形态的涌现也裹挟着诸多不确定性，主要体现为劳动者职业身份与发展的不确定性、数字治理和劳动保护的不确定性、数字劳动研究范式与方法论的不确定性。这些都值得我们警惕。     

Value-Added Tax (VAT) Development and Reform History—A Study of VAT Evolution Around the World and in China

Value-added Tax (VAT), a turnover tax levied on the value appreciated in commodities production, circulation and sale, has been widely practiced by economies worldwide for its neutrality. From the international perspective, European Union VAT and New Zealand VAT stand out as characteristic models of VAT development and reform history. With changing economic development models and the growth of e-commerce businesses, VAT systems have been upgraded to meet taxation challenges brought about by the digital economy. Recently, VAT policies and measures have been introduced particularly to combat the COVID-19 impact. In China, the VAT system has been reformed constantly over the past 40 years and has been converging with international practice. China now needs to address emerging VAT issues through legislation, tax incentives, and tax-rate grades so as to meet challenges in VAT collection and management and to suit the “new normal” of economic development.     

Quantifying and Ranking Quality for Acquired Recordings on Digital Video Recorders

As the closed-circuit television (CCTV) security industry transitioned from analog media to digital video recorders (DVRs) with digital storage, the law enforcement community struggled with the means with which to collect the recordings. New guidelines needed to be established to determine the collection method which would be efficient as well as provide the best quality evidence from live DVRs. A test design was developed to measure, quantify, and rank the quality of acquisition methods used on live systems from DVRs typically used in digital CCTV systems. The purpose was to determine guidelines for acquiring the best quality video for investigative purposes. A test pattern which provided multiple quantifiable metrics for comparison between the methods of acquisition was used. The methods of acquisition included direct data download of the proprietary file and open file format as well as recording the video playback from the DVR via the available display monitor connections including the composite video, Video Graphics Array (VGA), and high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI). While some acquisition methods may provide the best quality evidence, other methods of acquisition are not to be discounted depending on the situation and need for efficiency. As an investigator that needs to retrieve video evidence from live digital CCTV systems, the proprietary file format, overall, provides the best quality evidence. However, depending on the circumstance and as recording technology continues to evolve, options other than the proprietary file format may provide quality that is equal to or greater than the proprietary file format.     

数码相片的证据作用探析

数码相机在公安司法工作中的应用非常广泛,用数码相机所获取的数码相片,因其的易修改性,使人们对其证据作用产生了怀疑,笔者认为,依据我国法律,数码照片可以作为证据使用,但必须经严格的审查判断。     

数字网络传播技术下影视作品的合理使用

技术是法律制度的催化剂,数字网络传播技术以更快的速度和更广的范围内传播影视作品,不仅提高了影视作品及权利人知名度,而且对推进社会文明也有不可磨灭的贡献;但是网络强大的复制功能和无地域性使著作权人对其影视作品失去了控制。合理使用制度作为著作权人的个人利益和社会利益的平衡器受到挑战。本文通过分析数字网络技术对影视作品合理使用的冲击,论证合理使用制度在数字网络时代存在的基础及重构。     

字符编码在电子数据司法鉴定中的应用

本文分析了字符的常用编码方法以及如何对各种不同编码方式进行转码和解码，提出了基于字符编码的关键字查询方法，并结合电子数据司法鉴定工作中遇到的实际案例，描述如何通过该方法实现关键字的快速查询。     

数字手写笔迹的特点及其检验研究

无纸化办公已成为互联网时代最重要的办公模式之一，数字手写技术凭借其快速便捷、保留原笔迹进行线上批阅、签发文件的特性，迅速为各类用户所接受，数字手写笔迹也将越来越多地出现在案件纠纷中。由于数字手写技术所需的书写工具和书写承载物与传统笔迹全然不同，导致数字手写笔迹产生了许多特征变异，传统笔迹检验方法已很难适应这种新型笔迹，然而关于数字手写笔迹的研究，国内外尚属空白。通过详细总结、分析数字手写笔迹的特征，得出数字手写笔迹种属认定和同一认定的检验办法，并对数字手写笔迹的检验规则之完善提出合理化建议。     

Living in the Era of Digital Exhibitionism

Digitally mediated communication technologies have fundamentally changed the problem of child sexual abuse. Sexually explicit images of young people that can be found online range from those documenting offline abuse including adult-to-child and peer-on-peer violence, to self-generated images including those taken within the context of a coercive relationship or those that are shared online beyond the taker's control. Online availability of these images can have serious effects on victims. It is vital to identify what victims need, how youngsters are at risk online, how self-generated images may be shared online beyond the taker's control, and how children who have been traumatized by experiences of sexual abuse (offline as well as online) can be taught to stay safe online. This article summarizes the results of four different studies exploring these issues.     

Sexting girls: technological sovereignty and the digital

This essay explores the contemporary fact of girls sexting. Instead of theoretically granting girls a form of technological sovereignty while sexting as sexual empowerment, it pauses to take a selfie of the adult subjects – parents, educators, and sex-positive feminists and queers – attached to this form of agency for girls. If sexuality remains an alluring reparative trap by offering, through a reverse discourse sustained by the plasticity of girlish whiteness, a way of transforming girls as objects into subjects, this essay problematizes that gesture as a racially normative one, reading it further alongside the relation of technology to sexual difference. To speculate on how the scenography of sexting could be seen differently by adults, this essay suspends the search for authentic meaning and knowledge, following an intuition that we cannot presently see anything behind the image of the sext. After examining how criminal law breaks the tension in the definition of “the girl” between vulnerability and agency by extending objectification through child-pornography law, the essay takes a speculative turn with feminist readings of the question of modern technology to consider the analytic and pedagogical purchase of the non-sovereignty of the girl who sexts.     

论我国数字图书馆著作权合理使用制度的构建

合理使用制度在数字化图书馆的正常运转中仍有存在的必要，我国目前立法对数字图书馆合理使用作品规定了严格的条件，使数字图书馆在信息储存和传播方面的优势消失殆尽。我们要根据利益平衡的精神，赋予公益性数字图书馆在一定条件下以数字化形式复制馆藏作品的权利，并将公益服务范围内的信息网络传播行为纳入数字图书馆合理使用的范畴。